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Application of chitosan in dentistry—a review
Published in J. Belinha, R.M. Natal Jorge, J.C. Reis Campos, Mário A.P. Vaz, João Manuel, R.S. Tavares, Biodental Engineering V, 2019
J.M.S. Gomes, J. Belinha, R.M. Natal Jorge
When an inflammatory process takes place, the goal becomes to repair the damaged tissues with periodontal therapy, which can promote the regeneration of ligaments such as the periodontal ligament (Zhang et al., 2006). With this therapy, one can also use bone-substituting materials that enhance the process of bone regeneration in periodontal defects. These include materials such as bone powder or calcium phosphate ceramic. They have emerged from the need of finding alternatives with a more similar structure to bone than other materials. However, there are some disadvantages: bone resorption, immune response, low biodegradability, and poor adaptation. To overcome the drawbacks of these bone-substituting materials, biodegradable polymers and ceramics combined with collagen started being used (Jeong Park et al., 2000).
Biomaterials and Immune Response in Periodontics
Published in Nihal Engin Vrana, Biomaterials and Immune Response, 2018
Sivaraman Prakasam, Praveen Gajendrareddy, Christopher Louie, Clarence Lee, Luiz E. Bertassoni
Periodontics is a specialty of dentistry that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of periodontal diseases and peri-implant diseases. In addition, periodontists, the dental specialty practitioners of periodontics, perform other surgical procedures, examples of which include placement of dental implants and soft tissue surgical procedures, which enhance dental aesthetics and function. The term periodontium describes the supporting structures of a tooth. It includes the gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone.1 The gingiva is the outermost soft tissue layer that surrounds a tooth. The cementum is a calcified hard tissue deposit on the tooth surface, which allows periodontal ligament fibre insertion. The periodontal ligament is a well-organised fibrous structure that anchors the teeth through the cementum to the underlying alveolar bone. The alveolar bone is the supporting bone that surrounds the teeth.1 The periodontium, particularly the gingiva, protects the underlying tissues by acting as a barrier against the harsh external environment of the oral cavity. It not only acts as a physical barrier, but has a robust innate and adaptive immune mechanism that provides a dynamic biological barrier.
Household and Personal Care Products: Cleaning up and Looking Good
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
The surface or enamel of the tooth is primarily the mineral hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Under that is a softer material, the dentin, containing calcium phosphate and about 20% collagen. The soft tissue within is called the “pulp.” The tooth is connected to the bones of the skull and jaw by the periodontium, which consists of a thin bone-like layer (called cementum), and the periodontal ligament, a connective tissue. The lower part of the tooth is covered by the gums or gingival.
Stress distribution on implant- supported zirconia crown of maxillary first molar: effect of oblique load on natural and antagonist tooth
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Lisliane Nara Rossi Leandro, Mateus Favero Barra Grande, André Antônio Pelegrine, Renato Sussumu Nishioka, Marcelo Lucchesi Teixeira, Roberta Tarkany Basting
The masticatory loads that fall on implant-supported crowns or natural teeth are multidirectional, and can be axial or oblique. In the case of axial loads falling on natural teeth, the periodontal ligament is one of tissues responsible for dissipating them, by converting the force that would be destructive (pressure) into an acceptable force (stress), through the fibers of which the ligament is composed, contributing to occlusal stability (Kim et al. 2021). The risk of bone loss in cases of oblique loading is much higher in comparison with axial loading, causing increased tension in both bone tissue and prosthetic components (Nissan et al. 2011; Otsu et al. 2021). During mastication, loads are applied axially to the occlusal surface, and the compressive stress dissipates just below the point of load application whereas oblique loads generate tensile stresses on the side opposite to their point of application (Peck 2016). Cusp-to-fossa contact is the typical pattern of occlusion between the maxillary and mandibular teeth, including static (clenching) and dynamic (such as during mastication) relationships (Wang and Mehta 2013). In the position of maximum intercuspation, cusp inclinations can play the role of distributing occlusal forces in multiple directions, thus avoiding excessive pressure points on the individual tooth involved (Moraschini et al. 2015). On receiving the masticatory load, natural teeth also dissipate stresses to the periodontal ligament and from this aspect, both enamel and dentin have high compressive strength, but their ability to withstand tensile stress is limited (Pieralli et al. 2017).
Analysis of stress in periodontium associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a three dimensional finite element analysis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Ankita Jain, G. S. Prasantha, Silju Mathew, Sharanya Sabrish
Orthodontic tooth movement is a unique process as it requires the movement of a solid (tooth) in solid (bone). The capability to move the teeth in the bone is conferred by the presence of ‘Periodontal Ligaments’ between the tooth and the bone. The periodontal ligament is exclusively found in the higher animals (mammals) and enables tooth movement in the alveolar socket (Asbell 1990). This ‘Orthodontic force’ is the key to attain the desired movement. The orthodontic force which is most efficient has been defined as the - Optimal Orthodontic Force. The response of a tooth to an applied force is understood at three levels (Burstone 2011):Clinical changesCellular and biochemical changesStress-strain activity in the investing tissues i.e. physical changes
Mechanical effects of distributed fibre orientation in the periodontal ligament of an idealised geometry
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Tomohiro Otani, Taiki Koga, Kazunori Nozaki, Yo Kobayashi, Masao Tanaka
The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a soft biological tissue mainly consisting of collagen fibres and a gel-like matrix that connects the tooth root and alveolar socket (Berkovitz 1990; Beertsen et al. 1997). The PDL supports the tooth and alveolar bone against external loads on the tooth surface (Komatsu et al. 2007) and senses stimuli, such as mechanical stimuli, to appropriately adjust mastication (Dean 2017). Furthermore, the mechanical stress field in the PDL associated with orthodontic tooth movement is commonly known to induce biomechanical remodelling of the alveolar bone. However, the three-dimensional (3-D) structures of the PDL and its internal fibre networks and vasculatures are unclear, so computational evaluations of these mechanical forces on the PDL mechanical characteristics and mechanical responses of the tooth-PDL-alveolar bone complex are challenging (Naveh et al. 2012a).