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Nanobiosensors
Published in Vinod Kumar Khanna, Nanosensors, 2021
For what purpose is thrombin detection required? Thrombosis is an important pathophysiological component of many cardiovascular diseases. Pathophysiology is concerned with the study of the changes of normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions, either caused by a disease, or resulting from an abnormal syndrome. Thrombin is a trypsin-like serine protease (an enzyme that cuts certain peptide bonds in other proteins), playing a central role in thrombosis formation (of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system). This role is carried out through the conversion of the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into insoluble sticky strands of fibrin. The fibrin clot stops bleeding. Detection and imaging of thrombin activity is thus of considerable biomedical interest. Thrombin is also known as coagulation factor II (F2).
What Is Diagnosis?
Published in Pat Croskerry, Karen S. Cosby, Mark L. Graber, Hardeep Singh, Diagnosis, 2017
Interested readers who pick up this book do not need the concept of diagnosis explained. However, it is likely that each of us has a different perspective and understanding of what a diagnosis is, and what we mean in our discourse about diagnosis. Most would agree that a diagnosis is an explanation of a pathological condition with determination of the underlying cause(es) and pathophysiology. A complete and accurate diagnosis explains physical manifestations, predicts the natural course and likely outcome, anticipates potential complications, and leads to suggested treatment options. An accurate diagnosis is essential to a successful medical encounter. A missed or delayed diagnosis may result in diminished opportunity to intervene to change the natural course of the disease. A misdiagnosis may lead to ineffective or even dangerous actions that may complicate the illness.
Hypoglycaemia and Hypoglycaemia Awareness
Published in Anthony N. Nicholson, The Neurosciences and the Practice of Aviation Medicine, 2017
Factor analysis has been applied to descriptions by patients of their individual symptoms. The identification of symptom clusters indicates groups of symptoms generated by similar physiological responses (Hepburn and Deary, 1991). Adults with Type 1 diabetes generally reported three groups of symptoms. They were 1) autonomic (corresponding to those caused by sympathoadrenal activation), 2) neuroglycopenic (corresponding to symptoms generated by cerebral dysfunction such as loss of concentration and confusion) and 3) malaise that included nausea and headache. Reported symptoms appear to vary according to age and type of diabetes. Older patients with Type 2 diabetes reported non-specific neurological symptoms (Jaap et al., 1998), suggesting effects of hypoglycaemia on vulnerable areas of the elderly brain, while children reported autonomic and neuroglycopenic symptoms, plus those due to change in behaviour and emotion (McCrimmon et al., 1995). Different distributions of symptoms may reflect differences in pathophysiology.
No-stain protein labeling as a potential normalization marker for small extracellular vesicle proteins
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Anjugam Paramanantham, Rahmat Asfiya, Siddharth Das, Grace McCully, Akhil Srivastava
sEV-bound proteins have been shown to play significant roles in key cellular activities under normal physiological[52,53] and pathological state, such as during cancer progression,[54–58] metastasis[59–64] including as tumor vascularization, matrix remodeling, immune evasion,[65] and the development of premetastatic niches,[66,67] include other Alzheimer’s,[68,69] cardiovascular,[70,71] diabetes,[72–74] stroke,[75–77] and sleep disorders.[78–80] In light of this, investigating the sEV protein will significantly impact the understanding of basic biology and disease pathophysiology. The lack of housekeeping proteins and uniformity in the normalization process poses a significant bottleneck in any EV protein analyses through western blotting.
The role of oxidative stress in pulmonary function in bakers exposed to flour dust
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Vahid Gharibi, Mohammad Hossein Ebrahimi, Esmaeel Soleimani, Narges Khanjani, Anahita Fakherpour, Majid Bagheri Hosseinabadi
Oxidative stress is an important feature in subjects with obstructive pulmonary diseases. There is significant evidence that oxidative stress increases in COPD and plays an important role in the pathophysiology of this disease. Oxidative stress causes the direct oxidation of arachidonic acid. MDA is synthesized by arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid that result from lipid peroxidation. Among the mechanisms of reactive oxygen species damage, lipid peroxidation is probably the most widely studied process. The oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid is the result of formation of unstable hydro-lipid peroxides and secondary carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes. Among these, MDA has been shown to be a biomarker for lipid peroxidation in patients with severe pulmonary diseases such as COPD and asthma.
Swept-source optical coherence tomography imaging of the retinochoroid and beyond
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Jayesh Vira, Alessandro Marchese, Rohan Bir Singh, Aniruddha Agarwal
The fast-paced evolution of technology is resulting in rapid developments of tools useful to the clinicians in their practice and management of patients. SS-OCT imaging has significant advantages over the available SD technology and finds utility in various retinochoroidal conditions. SS-OCT and SS-OCTA are very useful in determining the anatomical location of the disease, and understanding the disease pathophysiology. This is exemplified by the SS-OCTA imaging in MEWDS, where this technology clearly shows a lack of choriocapillaris flow abnormality, which was otherwise thought to exist based on indocyanine green angiography. SS-OCT also aids in better imaging of patients with pachychoroid over conventional imaging, as this entity primarily involves the choroid. In our experience, SS-OCT imaging is desirable in most entities where imaging the deeper retinal layers and the choroid is essential, especially retinal vasculopathies including diabetic retinopathy, pachychoroid including polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (and differentiating it from choroidal neovascularization due to age-related macular degeneration), inflammatory pathologies (including choriocapillaritis and stromal choroiditis), and neoplastic pathologies.