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Human and Biomimetic Sensors
Published in Patrick F. Dunn, Fundamentals of Sensors for Engineering and Science, 2019
There are approximately 10 000 taste receptors (buds) on the human tongue. Each taste bud (see Figure 3.4) contains four different types of cells: basil, dark, intermediate, and light. The latter three are cells in various stages of development, with the light cell being the most mature. Taste cells are continually replaced, having a half-life of approximately 10 days. Taste receptors are on the surface of the tongue and in the mucosa of the epiglottis, palate, and pharynx. There are three types of protuberances on the tongue (papillae), each containing a different number of taste buds (from approximately 5 to 100 taste buds per papilla). The sensory end of a taste bud has microvilli that are located within a taste pore. These act to increase the sensory surface area of a taste bud. The connectivity of taste cells with their nerve fibers is distributed. Each taste bud connects to approximately 50 nerve fibers, where each nerve fiber receives input from approximately 5 taste buds.
Skin-conforming Embedded G.J.S. Device for Taste Modulation
Published in Rajesh Singh, Anita Gehlot, P.S. Ranjit, Dolly Sharma, Futuristic Sustainable Energy and Technology, 2022
Angel Swastik Duggal, Anita Gehlot, Rajesh Singh
The Process of taste perception starts from the tongue upon which four types of papillae are located: circumvallate, foliate, filiform, and fungiform. These papillae carry a pre-dispositional ion potential. Once in contact with one of the taste-reactive compounds, the receptor cells either get hyper-polarized or depolarized, based on the nature of the molecules in contact.[4] Subsequently, the G-protein activation gets altered, triggering a neural impulse that traverses across the anterior region of the vagal nerve, interposed by general facial motor nerves [5], [6]. This implies that artificial external stimulation of the gustatory neural pathway from the surface is likely to also influence the motor neural impulses, triggering false motor reflexes.
Comparative studies on the tongue of the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and the common quail (Coturnix coturnix)
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Amany Attaallah, Yousra Fouda, Abd El-Fattah B. M. El-Beltagy, Amira M. B. Saleh
Circumvallate papilla were represented by three papillae and appeared ovoid in shape. They were arranged in a triangular manner on the dorsal surface of the posterior part of lingual root and have irregular dorsal surface. On the surface of papillae, there are numerous taste buds (Figure 3).