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Key human anatomy and physiology principles as they relate to rehabilitation engineering
Published in Alex Mihailidis, Roger Smith, Rehabilitation Engineering, 2023
Qussai Obiedat, Bhagwant S. Sindhu, Ying-Chih Wang
The cardiovascular system primarily consists of blood, the heart, and all the associated blood vessels. A major function of the cardiovascular system is to work with the respiratory system to allow blood to transport carbon dioxide and oxygen. Other major functions of blood include transporting nutrients and body waste, as well as forming a component of the immune system. The heart functions as a pump to push blood to various organs including muscles, brain, and lungs. Generally, arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Likewise, veins are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart. For example, vertebral arteries travel away from the heart, up through the neck, to carry oxygenated blood to the brain. An exception to this rule is that the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs and the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. A blockage of blood supply to an organ may result in cell death due to lack of oxygen and nutrients as well as due to an inability to remove waste products. For example, with regards to brain tissue, a sudden loss of blood supply to a region of the brain is described as ischemia. Further, a sustained ischemic condition results in necrosis (cell death) of an area of the brain and is described as an infarct. Furthermore, an infarct that presents with local neurological deficits is described as a stroke (Lundy-Ekman 2013).
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
The kidney is one of the most important organs involved in the elimination of waste products and unwanted substances from the body. The blood supply, blood vessels and the structure of the kidney enable the entire blood volume of an individual to be filtered 20–25 times a day. The purified blood is returned to the circulation by the renal veins.
Wearable Devices for Real-time Disease Monitoring in Healthcare
Published in Suresh Kaushik, Vijay Soni, Efstathia Skotti, Nanosensors for Futuristic Smart and Intelligent Healthcare Systems, 2022
Pramila Jakhar, Pandey Rajagopalan, Mayoorika Shukla, Vipul Singh
Heart is one of the most important organs of human body, which plays important role in circulating blood, pumping nutrients to body cells and also oxygen containing blood and removes deoxygenated blood from body. Any dysfunction in heart can result in serious impact on human health. Hence, regular monitoring of heart working state is important for patient health. In this respect, the wearable devices for detecting cardiac disorders are playing potential role for the early detection of severe health conditions by regular monitoring of persons (Sana et al. 2020). For the non-invasive detection of cardiovascular signals which can be blood pressure, heart rate, many of the wearable sensors have been developed in the recent years (Murray et al. 2016, Shu et al. 2015, Trung and Lee 2016, Zang et al. 2015).
Optimised ensemble learning-based IoT-enabled heart disease monitoring system: an optimal fuzzy ranking concept
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
N.V.L.M Krishna Munagala, Lakshmi Rajeswara Rao Langoju, A. Daisy Rani, D.V.rama Koti Reddy
In recent days, heart diseases are increased among people around the world, hence which have attained a huge interest in the clinical field among different life-threatening diseases (Lim et al. 2009). Heart disease is further promoted into one of the most widespread diseases worldwide owing to the current lifestyle (Rogers et al. 2019). The heart is one of the essential organs that deliver nutrients and oxygen to entire organs for metabolism by circulating the blood throughout the human body. Blood circulation is carried out by the contraction of cardiac muscle that helps in maintaining the ‘body temperature at approximately 37°C’ (Meng et al. 2020). Body temperature is affected while observing abnormal cardiac functions. As the human body ages, the cardiac function is degenerated, thus resulting in cardiovascular diseases. As the primary part of the human is the heart, it consists of various components like the right ventricle, left ventricle, right and left atrium, epicardium, cardiac muscle and endocardium (Gong et al. 2020). The flow of blood circulation is determined through the valvular, digitalisation and contraction closure of the heart. In the initial stages, various clinical symptoms are observed, and serious damage is noticed when the disease worsens, which leads to severe damage to the physical health of persons (Li et al. 2020a). However, in most cases, heart disease patients do not experience sickness till reaching the last stage.
Investigation of movement-related behaviors and energy compensation in people living with liver disease: A scoping review
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2022
Carminda Goersch Lamboglia, Ashley P. Mccurdy, Yeong-Bae Kim, Cliff Lindeman, Amie J. Mangan, Allison Sivak, Diana Mager, John C. Spence
The liver is one of the largest human organs and it is essential for digesting food and removing toxic substances from the body. Liver damage can be caused by genetic factors (e.g., Wilson’s disease), viral infection (e.g., Hepatitis), alcohol abuse or excessive liver fat (e.g., Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD]). Repeated damage over time can lead to scarring (cirrhosis) and liver failure (Canadian Liver Foundation, 2013). The most common liver disease (i.e., NAFLD) has a global prevalence rate of 25% (Cotter & Rinella, 2020) and approximately two million people die annually due to a damaged liver condition (Asrani et al., 2019; Younossi & Henry, 2016). Despite posing a considerable challenge for public health (Younossi, 2019), liver disease tends to be disregarded in comparison to other chronic diseases (Marcellin & Kutala, 2018). Individuals with chronic liver disease face physical deconditioning, sarcopenia, physical frailty, and impaired muscle health resulting in functional deterioration during advanced stages and increased risk of mortality (Duarte‐Rojo et al., 2018; Lai et al., 2014; Montano-Loza, 2014; Tandon et al., 2016).
A silver/silver chloride woven electrode with convex based on electrical impedance tomography
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
With the improvement of living standards, people are paying more and more attention to their health. With the rapid development of science and technology, various medical testing equipment is becoming more precise, miniaturized, and universalized (Liu et al., 2017). However, there are many problems in current medical wearable devices (such as 24-hour electrocardiographs) (Erdmier et al., 2016; Haghi et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2017; Pani et al., 2018; Li et al., 2017). First, the quality of the collected electrical signals is poor (Liu et al., 2019; Nardelli et al., 2020; Satija et al., 2018). The human body is a dynamic individual, and the electrode on the skin is accessible to slippage, thereby the signal often presents noticeable motion artifacts. Besides, the impedance is quickly changed when the evaporating of moisture from the wet electrode, which results in a decrease in signal quality. The stainless-steel sheet or the copper sheet electrode as the dry electrode has high hardness and poor potential stability (An et al., 2019; Joutsen et al., 2018). Second, the electrode is poorly comfortable. The skin is the largest organ in the human body. Its metabolites need to be discharged in time. Long-term monitoring of the disposable wet electrode will destroy the metabolic balance of the skin and make the skin red and swollen (Marozas et al., 2011). Stainless steel or copper electrodes not only affect skin metabolism but also cause tingling of the skin.