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Biomolecules and Complex Biological Entities
Published in Simona Badilescu, Muthukumaran Packirisamy, BioMEMS, 2016
Simona Badilescu, Muthukumaran Packirisamy
A model of a eukaryotic cell is shown in Figure 3.45. In the center of the cell is a nucleus, which contains the chromosomes — the carrier of the genetic material. The nucleus controls all cellular activities. The contents of the cell are called protoplasm, and are further subdivided into cytoplasm (a fluid-filled space inside cells) and nucleoplasm (all of the material within the nucleus). The centrioles, lysosomes, mitochondria, etc., are called organelles (major subcellular structures), which are specialized for different processes. The mitochondria, for example, are specialized for energy production, while chloroplasts (organelles in plant cells) are specialized in photosynthesis. The membranes containing lipid bilayers act as a barrier to the environment and also regulate the flow of information in and out of the cell. Proteins are synthesized in different parts in the cell, for example, in cytoplasm cells, mitochondria, and chloroplasts in plants.
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Nucleoplasm refers to the non-staining or slightly chromophilic, liquid or semi-liquid, ground substance of the interphase nucleus and which fills the nuclear space around the chromosomes and the nucleoli.
Ameliorative effect of vitamin E and selenium against bisphenol A-induced toxicity in spinal cord and submandibular salivary glands of adult male albino rats
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Dina W. Bashir, Yasmine H. Ahmed, Mohamed A. El-Sakhawy
The results of light microscopy showed histological alterations in the SC of the rats in experimental Group II, which were exposed to BPA, including: pyknotic nuclei and darkly stained cytoplasm of the multipolar neurons in the gray matter along with an increase in the perineural space. These observations are in agreement with those made by Abd Elaziz and Laag (2018) who showed degenerative changes in rat hippocampus nerve cells after BPA exposure in the form of shrinkage, appearance of a large vacuolated pericellular space, and darkly stained nuclei. Apoptosis might explain the morphology of the dark neurons with markedly condensed nucleoplasm and cytoplasm Altshuler et al. (1987). Iwanowski (1988) speculated that the cause of the appearance of vacuolated pericellular spaces could be due to disintegration of the cytoskeletal elements in these cells, resulting in shrinkage of the nerve cells and withdrawal of cytoplasmic processes. In addition, free radicals, which attack neural cells due to oxidative stress (OS), can provoke nerve cell degeneration. BPA exposure can lead to OS and DNA damage Ratan et al. (1994).
Effects of cadmium stress on the morphology, physiology, cellular ultrastructure, and BvHIPP24 gene expression of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Dali Liu, Zhuo Gao, Jiajia Li, Qi Yao, Wenbo Tan, Wang Xing, Zhenqiang Lu
The ultrastructural changes in the leaves and roots of B. vulgaris under the 0.5 mM Cd treatment were examined by TEM (Figures 4, 5). Under normal growth conditions, the nuclear membrane and nucleoli were intact, and the nucleoplasm was uniform (Figure 4A). Chloroplasts were oval in shape and close to the edge of the cell. The stromal lamellae were arranged parallel to the long axis of the chloroplast, and the thylakoids were orderly and contained some osmiophilic granules (Figure 4C). There were many starch grains, which contained alternating light and dark stripes in the chloroplast (Figure 4E). The mitochondria were ellipsoidal, and clear cristae were observed inside, with an orderly distribution and abundant content (Figure 4G). However, after Cd treatment, the nuclear membrane of the nucleus began to invaginate, and the volume of the nucleolus and the electron density of the nucleoplasm decreased (Figure 4B). The chloroplast swelled, the outer membrane of the chloroplast was invaginated, the lamellae were crooked and disordered, thylakoid deformation occurred, and osmiophilic granules were significantly increased (Figure 4D). The starch grains and mitochondria were swollen, the number of starch grains decreased, the mitochondrial cristae were blurred, and the arrangement was chaotic (Figures 4F,H).
Improving Recurrence Prediction Accuracy of Ovarian Cancer Using Multi-phase Feature Selection Methodology
Published in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 2021
S. Sujamol, E. R. Vimina, U. Krishnakumar
In order to determine the biological significance of six MiRNAs, Gene Ontology (GO) annotations are employed in three levels –biological, molecular, and cellular levels. Fisher’s Exact Test was used for enrichment analysis and p value < .05. MicroT threshold was set as 0.6. For predicting MiRNA targets DIANA-Tarbase algorithm was used. GO analysis shows that these MiRNAs are part of microtubule organisms’ center, organelle, cellular component, protein complex, cytosol, and nucleoplasm. They are involved in molecular activities such as nucleic acid binding, transcription factor activity, ion binding, molecular function, protein binding, enzyme binding, and cytoskeletal protein binding. The result obtained after the GO analysis is shown with the help of a heatmap in Figure 3.