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Clinical and epidemiological context of COVID-19
Published in Sanjeeva Srivastava, Multi-Pronged Omics Technologies to Understand COVID-19, 2022
Viswanthram Palanivel, Akanksha Salkar, Radha Yadav, Renuka Bankar, Om Shrivastav, Arup Acharjee
Breathlessness and hypoxemia are considered as primary clinical features in COVID-19 infection. Lungs have a high expression of ACE2. In a disease progression to severity, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 and other signaling molecules like monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) are released, attracting neutrophils and T cells that induce lung injury leading to ARDS. Hence, mechanical oxygen support is essential in COVID-19 management. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) like continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP), and hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) are widely used. Similarly, invasive ventilation such as endotracheal/orotracheal tube and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is preferred by doctors in critical conditions.
Custom-made 3D printed masks for children using non-invasive ventilation: a comparison of 3D scanning technologies and specifications for future clinical service use, guided by patient and professional experience
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2021
Matt Willox, Peter Metherall, Avril D. McCarthy, Katherine Jeays-Ward, Nicki Barker, Heath Reed, Heather E. Elphick
Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is assisted mechanical ventilation delivered via a facemask for people with chronic conditions that affect breathing, for example, neuromuscular and craniofacial problems. The number of children in the UK requiring NIV rose from 141 children in 1998 [1] to 933 children in 2008 [2] and is now estimated to be around 5000. NIV is most commonly delivered via a mask covering the nose (nasal mask) or the nose and mouth (oronasal mask) [3]. Mass-produced masks are available for both the adult and paediatric markets but masks that fit well are difficult to find for children who are small or have asymmetrical facial features. A good fit between the mask and the patient’s face to minimise unintentional air leakage is essential to deliver the treatment effectively; most ventilators will trigger an alarm requiring action if such leakage is detected [4,5].
Custom-made 3D printed masks for children using non-invasive ventilation: a feasibility study of production method and testing of outcomes in adult volunteers
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2020
Matt Willox, Peter Metherall, Katherine Jeays-Ward, Avril D. McCarthy, Nicki Barker, Heath Reed, Heather E Elphick
Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is assisted mechanical ventilation delivered via a facemask for people with chronic conditions that affect breathing, for example, neuromuscular and craniofacial problems. The number of children in the UK requiring NIV rose from 141 children in 1998 [1] to 933 children in 2008 [2] and is now estimated to be around 5000. NIV is most commonly delivered via a mask covering the nose (nasal mask) or the nose and mouth (oronasal mask) [3]. Mass-produced masks are available for both the adult and paediatric markets but masks that fit well are difficult to find for children who are small or have asymmetrical facial features. A good fit with a seal between the mask and the patient’s face that allows even “leakage” or escape of gases is essential to deliver the treatment effectively [4,5].