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Machine Learning for Designing a Mechanical Ventilator:
Published in Pushpa Singh, Divya Mishra, Kirti Seth, Transformation in Healthcare with Emerging Technologies, 2022
Jayant Giri, Shreya Dhapke, Dhananjay Mutyarapwar
Technology has changed a lot, and there is a growing need for fast and accurate systems to fulfill the needs of people. In today’s world, there is the availability of large volumes of data in every domain. This has been possible due to the development of various hardware systems with vast storage capacity to store such a big amount of data. Due to these reasons Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerged as the recent trends in technology. Mechanical ventilation is a procedure often implemented on patients with respiratory failure. It is a core therapy that is provided to the intensive care unit (ICU) patients suffering from critical illness. A ventilator delivers an air and oxygen mixture, with elevated oxygen content, to a patient’s respiratory system through an endotracheal tube to facilitate the adequate exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, which reduces the patient’s effort to breath and prevents the alveoli from collapsing. However, to use a mechanical ventilator, one needs to be aware of the modes and several control parameters of the ventilator. These are controls are managed by highly-trained medical professionals, who are specialized in the care of respiratory illnesses, the Respiratory Therapists. These therapists are essential for the appropriate care of mechanically ventilated patients. But the conventional way of manual monitoring of mechanical ventilators utilizes more time, human effort, and is not cost-effective.
Biological Terrorist Agents
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Paralysis of the skeletal muscles follows with a proportional, downward, and growing weakness, which may result in sudden respiratory failure. Patients in respiratory failure will require ventilators. If there are multiple victims, multiple ventilators will be required. The planning process should identify the locations of these valuable resources. Incubation periods for botulinum range from 2 to 8 days. The time from the beginning of symptoms to respiratory failure can occur in as little as 24 hours after the toxin is ingested. One-third of patients die within 3–5 days, although symptoms may not appear for 6–7 days, depending on the dose. Treatment for adults means hospitalization, usually in an intensive care unit. Individual cases could be mistaken for other neuromuscular diseases such as Guillain–Barre syndrome (muscle weakness and paralysis), myasthenia gravis, or tick paralysis. Mental status changes that occur with viral encephalitis should not be present with botulinum poisoning. Botulinum intoxication could also be confused with nerve agent or atropine poisoning. Nerve agent exposures produce copious amounts of respiratory secretions and miotic pupils, where there is a marked decrease in these fluids with exposure to botulinum. Atropine overdose produces hallucinations and delirium, which are absent from botulinum intoxication, even though the mucous membranes are dry in both cases. An antitoxin for botulism can be effective if administered quickly before the onset of symptoms. After the onset of symptoms, the antitoxin is not as effective. The bacteria that produce botulism survive well in soil and agricultural products. Botulism toxin can be destroyed by boiling for 10 minutes. Moist heat at around 250°F for 15 minutes will destroy the spores. Effective disinfectants include 1% sodium hypochlorite, 70% ethanol, and a solution of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide. Experimental vaccines are also under development for prevention of botulinum intoxication.
Vasculitis induced by drugs
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Michiel De Vries, Marjolein Drent, Jan-Wil Cohen Tervaert
Respiratory involvement usually presents with life-threatening symptoms such as haemoptysis, or acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. However, there can be more indolent initial presentations of the disease, associated with atypical symptoms such as cough, dyspnoea, fever and fatigue.
Classifier for the functional state of the respiratory system via descriptors determined by using multimodal technology
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Sergey Alekseevich Filist, Riad Taha Al-kasasbeh, Olga Vladimirovna Shatalova, Altyn Amanzholovna Aikeyeva, Osama M. Al-Habahbeh, Mahdi Salman Alshamasin, Korenevskiy Nikolay Alekseevich, Mohammad Khrisat, Maksim Borisovich Myasnyankin, Maksim Ilyash
The study included 202 patients: 40 patients diagnosed with COPD - group N2 (stages 2 … 4 according to the global GOLD strategy), 69 - coronary artery disease - group N3, 93 - a combination of COPD and coronary artery disease - group N1. The course of the disease was assessed by clinical (degree of chronic respiratory failure (CRF), heart rhythm disorder (HRD)) and laboratory and instrumental (complete blood count at admission and discharge, individual indicators of biochemical blood analysis, ECG) data. Statistical analysis was carried out using the STATISTICA 12 program using the methods of nonparametric statistics, logistic regression and ROC analysis. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.03. Data are presented as Me [Q25; Q75].In the study cohort, patients with a combination of COPD and coronary artery disease prevailed (46%). Isolated COPD was much less common (20%). The median age of all patients was 72 years [65; 80], the lowest median age was observed in the COPD group (60 years [54; 65]), and it was significantly (p < 0.003) less than in the other groups.
Research progress of portable extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Yuansen Chen, Duo Li, Ziquan Liu, Yanqing Liu, Haojun Fan, Shike Hou
Some patients may require ECMO support for a prolonged time, such as sepsis, ARDS and other medical conditions, neuromuscular dysfunction should be a problem to consider in these patients [36]. Traditional ECMO systems require patients to be bedridden, which lead to muscle atrophy and affect prognosis [37,38]. Early mobilization may improve the patient’s prognosis, recent studies have shown that ECMO can provide adequate hemodynamic and gas exchange support for patients with cardiac and respiratory insufficiency to perform early mobilization [39,40]. Another report demonstrates that for patients with heart and respiratory failure receiving extracorporeal life support, awake and mobile ECMO support is feasible and associated with improved long-term and short-term patient outcomes [41]. To meet the requirement for early mobilization and physical training for patients supported by ECMO, further portable, wearable ECMO is also being developed.
Biomimetic materials based on zwitterionic polymers toward human-friendly medical devices
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
When living organisms cannot inhale sufficient oxygen due to respiratory failure or when the heart is temporarily stopped due to cardiovascular surgery, it is necessary to artificially supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood using an extracorporeal circulation circuit. In this case, a membrane material that combines gas-exchange capability and hemocompatibility is required. The extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) treatment has been extremely effective in the treatment of COVID-19 and has saved many patients’ lives [176]. A thin layer of PDMS is formed on a porous hollow fiber obtained from a polyolefin or poly(vinylidene fluoride) base to increase the permeability of oxygen gas while preventing the leakage of water from the plasma [177]. Efficient modification of the PDMS surface with hydrophilic polymers inhibits protein adsorption suppression and enables the maintenance of high oxygen permeability over a long period [178].