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Organic Compounds in Raw and Finished Waters
Published in Samuel D. Faust, Osman M. Aly, Chemistry of Water Treatment, 2018
Chapter 1 presents and discusses the regulatory basis for MCLGs and MCLs for the various organic contaminants that may occur in drinking water supplies. Their effect on human health is, of course, the primary concern. Rationale for each contaminant is presented in numerous Federal Register references (see Chapter 1) and in Reference 94. A variety of adverse health effects are possible: Toxic: Causing a deleterious response in a biological system, seriously injuring function, or producing death. These effects may result from acute conditions (short high-dose exposure), chronic (long-term, low-dose) exposure, or subchronic (intermediate-term and dose) exposure.Neurotoxic: Exerting a destructive or poisonous effect on nerve tissue.Carcinogenic: Causing or inducing uncontrolled growth of aberrant cells into malignant tumors.Mutagenic: Causing heritable alteration of the genetic material within living cells.Teratogenic: Causing nonhereditary congenital malformations (birth defects) in offspring.
Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1998 defined neurotoxicity as “an adverse change in the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system following exposure to a chemical, physical, or biological agent.” The classes of neurotoxic substances include gases (carbon monoxide, cyanide, hydrogen sulfide), metals (mercury, lead, manganese), monomers used for chemical synthesis in the production of polymers, resins, and plastics, (acrylamide, styrene), organic solvents (toluene, xylene, white spirit), pesticides (organophosphates, organochlorines, carbamates), and others (hydrazine, pyridine, arsine, and tetrodotoxin).65,66 Although the neurotoxicity of toxigenic molds and EMF remains somewhat controversial, data collection in this clinic strongly suggests their neurotoxic properties.
Toxic Responses of the Nervous System
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
Broadly defined, a neurotoxic substance is any substance capable of producing an adverse effect on the structural or functional components of the nervous system. The nervous system is particularly vulnerable to toxic insult since nervous tissue has a limited or negligible capacity for regeneration. The effects of neurotoxins may be immediate or delayed in onset and the ensuing alteration may be permanent or reversible. For many neurotoxins, adverse symptoms may be evident after only a single exposure. For still other neurotoxins, effects may manifest only after repeated exposure for weeks or years. Like other toxins, exposure to neurotoxic agents may occur by various routes (e.g., absorption through the skin, ingestion, or inhalation).
Application of molecular imaging technology in neurotoxicology research
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2018
Xuan Zhang, Qi Yin, Marc Berridge, Che Wang
Neurotoxicity can be defined as adverse functional or structural changes in the central or peripheral nervous system. Neurotoxic effects that are caused by exposure to neurotoxins can be permanent or reversible. Neurotoxic substances, including biological, chemical, or physical agents, may disturb protein synthesis in neurons, alter the production of specific neurotransmitters, and cause cell death. Symptoms may appear immediately after exposure or be delayed. They may include sensory or motor malfunction, learning and memory process disruption, and detrimental behavioral effects.[1,2] Neurotoxin-induced biochemical and molecular events in the nervous system of animals may provide clues for exploring underlying mechanisms and serve as markers for early neurotoxicity detection.[2,3] Approaches that have been developed for neurotoxicology are designed to identify toxicants, investigate toxic effects, clarify the mechanism involved in toxicity, and provide protective strategy against neurotoxicity.