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Magnetic Nanoparticles for Neural Engineering
Published in Nguyễn T. K. Thanh, Clinical Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles, 2018
Gerardo F. Goya, Vittoria Raffa
Based on the concepts of magnetofection, i.e. the use of magnetic forces on MNPs to improve transfection efficiency, therapeutic approaches against NDs have begun to use magnetically labelled viral units to deliver genetic material. The construction of magnetic viral vectors (usually adenovirus or lentivirus) for a magnetic field-assisted viral transduction has been reported for some years now. This technique is known as magnetotransduction, and is often related (but not restricted) to strategies for delivering neuroprotective molecules to target cells as a therapy against ND diseases. One of the main goals of this approach is related to the enhancement in the levels of neurotrophic factors delivered, since it is accepted that an increase in the delivered concentration of these factors can prevent neural degeneration and enhance recovery of remaining neuron neuroprotective molecules at the target site.98
Herbal Therapies
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
H. Shahrul, M. L. Tan, A. H. Auni, S. R. Nur, S. M. N. Nurul
Neurological diseases are characterized by progressive dysfunction and death of neurons and the main degenerative disorders manifest predominantly as movement disorders, those of cognition or a mixture of both (Vajda, 2002). Movement disorders include akinetic and rigid forms, predominantly extrapyramidal deficits, hyperkinetic dysregulation of movement, ataxic with features of cerebellar ataxia, and motor neuron disorders (Vajda, 2002). Neuronal damage may be contributed by excitotoxicity, cerebral ischaemia and target deprivation. Excitotoxicity refers to an excessive activation of neuronal amino acid receptors, leading to apoptotic DNA fragmentation and cellular fragmentation (Mark et al., 2001; Vajda, 2002). On the other hand, cerebral ischemia is a condition where cessation of blood supply to the brain tissue leads to necrosis and apoptosis (Lee et al., 2001). Neurological disease is reported as the third most common cause of death. It is the leading cause of adult neurological disability (Carter et al., 2007). Among the important pathological mechanisms include inflammatory reaction, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, oxidative stress, and neuronal apoptosis. They are widely considered as the four major therapeutic targets for acute ischemic stroke (Lalkovičováand Danielisová, 2016). Competition between neurons for innervation of their targets may cause target deprivation-induced neuronal death and is mainly apoptotic and occurs by programmed cell death (Deshmukh and Johnson, 1997; Martin et al., 1998). Environmental factors in neurodegenerative disease comprise physical, toxic and infection related factors. Other possible factors include dietary excitotoxic and bacterial or viral infections (Vajda, 2002). Neuroprotection could possibly result in salvage, recovery or regeneration of the nervous system, its cells, structure and function. It is also used to refer to relative mechanisms that prevents the central nervous system (CNS) from neuronal injuries caused by chronic (e.g., Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases) or acute (e.g., stroke) neurodegenerative diseases (Elufioye et al., 2017). Numerous herbal plants contain neuroprotective and possess memory enhancing effects. Among well-studied herbs include Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng, and Salvia officinalis will be highlighted in this chapter.
Procedural embolic protection strategies for carotid artery stenting: current status and future prospects
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Eligio Miccichè, Francesco Condello, Davide Cao, Alessia Azzano, Anna Maria Ioppolo, Andrea Mangiameli, Alberto Cremonesi
The performance of different filters has been tested mainly in vitro and in some observational studies. In a bench test [21], the Spider RX device captured significantly more particles than four other devices and had the smallest effect on normalized pressure gradient and fractional volume flow rate in the ICA at the time of deployment and after capturing emboli. Hart et al. reported a significant association between concentric filter design and the 30-day risk of stroke, TIA, or death in patients with echo-lucent lesions, likely due to the scarce wall apposition of concentric filters in tortuous anatomies [22]. Roffi et al. observed that flow impairment varied based on the filter used as it occurred more frequently with the Angioguard (22/68; 32.3%) than with the FilterWire EZ (2/32; 6.2%) or Spider RX devices (1/15; 6.7%, p = 0.004) [23]. These filters differ in pore size/mesh density and thrombogenic coating. Although a large Canadian registry (n = 5,407) showed no significant difference in rates of stroke/TIA across various stent-EPD combinations [24], if a distal EPD is chosen as neuroprotection system during CAS, it should be individually selected based on each device's ability to address unique lesion and vascular anatomy characteristics.
The protective mechanism underlying phenylethanoid glycosides (PHG) actions on synaptic plasticity in rat Alzheimer’s disease model induced by beta amyloid 1-42
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Jian-xin Jia, Xu-sheng Yan, Wei Song, Xin Fang, Zhi-ping Cai, Dong-sheng Huo, He Wang, Zhan-jun Yang
Herba cistanche (H. cistanche), a well-known traditional Chinese herbal medicine belonging to the Orobanchaceae family and commonly termed “deserted ginseng”. Jiang and Tu (2009) characterized the components of H. cistanche and identified the presence of PHG, iridoids and lignans. PHG was found to exhibit a wide range of pharmacological effects on the central nervous system, including anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis, anti-aging, anti-fatigue, enhanced immunity and neuroprotection (Gu, Yang, and Huang 2016). It is worthwhile noting that PHG are the predominant bioactive constituent of H. cistanche, which were found to play a beneficial role in improving cognitive performance in AD rat and SAMP8 mouse models (Jia et al. 2014, 2017; Luo et al. 2013). Several investigators demonstrated that PHG plays an active role in neuroprotection (Feng et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2014). Guo et al. (2013) reported effectiveness of H. cistanche in increasing learning and memory ability in the treatment of AD patients. Various investigators postulated that the protective effects of glycosides of cistanche (GC) on cognitive performance may involve (1) decrease in acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity, (2) reduced Ca2+ levels, (3) scavenging of free radicals and (4) increase in survival rate (Gu, Yang, and Huang 2016; Li et al. 2016). Previously Jia et al. (2017) showed that PHG improved cognitive dysfunctions in SAMP8 mice by enhancing synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Based upon these observations it was of interest to determine the mechanisms underlying the potential beneficial actions of PHG in an AD rat model.
Anti-glycation effect and the α-amylase, lipase, and α-glycosidase inhibition properties of a polyphenolic fraction derived from citrus wastes
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2020
Annayara C. F. Fernandes, Ádina L. Santana, Isabela M. Martins, Debora K. T. Moreira, Juliana A. Macedo, Gabriela A. Macedo
The antiglycation effects from citrus wastes showed a strong correlation with the polyphenolic profile presented in the extracts (Table 3). The CW2 extract showed the highest antiglycation because of its flavonoids content, from which hesperidin is presented at the highest concentration (Table 2). Several health benefits were attributed to flavanones, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and neuroprotection.