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Conducting Polymers for Neural Tissue Engineering
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Conducting Polymers, 2022
Zahra Allahyari, Shayan Gholizadeh, Hossein Derakhshankhah, Katayoun Derakhshandeh, Seyed Mohammad Amini, Hadi Samadian
Since the early pioneering works on neural tissue engineering in the 1990s, every possible fabrication strategy has been explored for neural tissue engineering biomaterials, including conducting polymer-based structures. Due to the unique electrical and geometrical considerations for neural regeneration and repair, nanofibrous scaffolds with high electrical conductivity have been among the favorite choices for scaffold material [2, 12, 23, 24]. Conducting polymers are the most frequently used electrically conductive component either solely or in combination with other materials [2]. Electrospinning, lyophilization, chemical or physical cross-linking, and, more recently, 3D printing have been proposed as being more suited methods for fabricating neural tissue engineering biomaterials [2, 6, 21, 23]. Each of these methods provides benefits for neural tissue engineering application, which will be briefly discussed in the following sections. Due to the synthetic nature of conducting polymers and their limited capacity for tissue integration, these materials are tailored to gain neural tissue biocompatibility [2, 18, 23]. A brief discussion will be provided on these modifications as well.
Nanotechnological Strategies for Engineering Complex Tissues
Published in Lajos P. Balogh, Nano-Enabled Medical Applications, 2020
Tal Dvir, Brian P. Timko, Daniel S. Kohane, Robert Langer
One of the main obstacles in neural tissue engineering for the regeneration of a nerve tissue such as the spinal cord may be the loss of anisotropic conduction within the cell-seeded construct owing to lack of tissue consistency or to the non-conductive nature of the biomaterial. One approach to addressing this problem is to incorporate conducting nanostructures into the cell culture. Neurons that grow on a conductive nanotube meshwork display more efficient signal transmission [70–72]. In a recent study, Cellot and co-workers provided new mechanistic insight into how nanotubes target the integrative properties of neurons, showing that nanotubes can improve the responsiveness of neurons by forming tight contacts with the cell membranes that might favour electrical shortcuts between different compartments of the neuron [73]. Such neuronal/nanotube network hybrids may allow one to predict or engineer the interactions between nanomaterials and neurons, and guide the design of smart biomaterials for the engineering of electrically propagating tissues.
Nanotechnology for Tissue Regeneration
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
Kumud Joshi, Pronobesh Chattopadhyay, Bhaskar Mazumder
Growth factors like nerve growth factor (NGF) are special factors which enhance neural regeneration (Sofroniew et al., 2001), however achieving tissue targeting and the desired cellular concentration presents a significant challenge. Recently, Sun et al. (2009a) achieved the delivery of collagen-binding-domain nerve growth factor β (CBD-NGF β) to nerve ECM collagen to restore the peripheral nerve function in rat sciatic nerves. The integration of more self-sustained biological components, like stem cells, or biomolecules, such as arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD)-peptides (de Mel et al., 2008; de Mel et al., 2009), can be examples of such improvements in which they affect cellular attachment and neurite outgrowth. Neural tissue engineering will provide efficient and effective recovery of nerve damage and will help to treat many complicated neural injuries which currently need complicated surgery, like neural grafting. However, challenges still remain to be tackled, including the availability of suitable cell sources, due to ethical concerns, and the availability of cells. In this regard, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) (cells obtained from patients own blood) hold great promises.
Electrospun natural polymer and its composite nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Fangwen Zha, Wei Chen, Lifeng Zhang, Demei Yu
Nerve autografting is a “gold standard” method for peripheral nerves regeneration when the nerve is interrupted beyond the ability of self-repair. However, the drawbacks are multiple surgery and loss of functions [3, 4]. Biomaterial neural tissue engineering represents a promising avenue of therapy for nerve recovery. Corresponding strategies focus on the fabrication of artificial guide conduits with specific structures to promote neurite growth and axon elongation through contact guidance and basement membrane micro tube theory for peripheral nerves repair. Utilization of natural and synthetic polymer materials enables the constructed cellular scaffolds and nerve conduit guide (NGCs) that can be specifically designed for nerve regeneration.
Applications and hazards associated with carbon nanotubes in biomedical sciences
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2020
Ali Hassan, Afraz Saeed, Samia Afzal, Muhammad Shahid, Iram Amin, Muhammad Idrees
To date collagen (Col) hydrogels have been implied as a solution for myocardial regeneration.[40] However, due to their weak mechanical and electrical properties, the integrity of the myocyte scaffold becomes compromised.[41–43] In that context, CNTs combined with Col provide a satisfactory methodology to address these problems. Such constructs have a higher biocompatibility with the higher success rate. For example, the neural tissue engineering in an invitro experiment by Tosun and McFetridge demonstrated the higher effectiveness of electroactive nanocomposite hydrogels in neural tissue regeneration.[44,45]
Combining electrospun nanofibers with cell-encapsulating hydrogel fibers for neural tissue engineering
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Ryan J. Miller, Cheook Y. Chan, Arjun Rastogi, Allison M. Grant, Christina M. White, Nicole Bette, Nicholas J. Schaub, Joseph M. Corey
One of the hallmarks of neurons is their morphology, characterized by the presence of neurites. Classified as axons and dendrites, neurites are the processes by which neurons connect with one another and through which information flows to other neurons. Any biomaterial construct that impedes formation of neurites will fail in its utility as a tool in neural tissue engineering.