China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Long-Term Toxicity and Regulations for Bioactive-Loaded Nanomedicines
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Iqbal Ahmad, Sobiya Zafar, Shakeeb Ahmad, Suma Saad, S. M. Kawish, Sanjay Agarwal, Farhan Jalees Ahmad
The amount of drug crossing through the blood-brain barrier can be analyzed by radiography methods such as PET and CT systems (Frigell et al., 2013). Acute toxicity can be determined by brain histology examination (LM and TEM) and fluorescence imaging (Blasi et al., 2013). The nerve injury can be assessed by electrophysiological and behavioral studies. Animal models for the behavioral study show clinical symptoms such as convulsions, diarrhea, lethargy, salivation, nausea, etc., (Pradhan et al., 2014).
Current devices used for the monitoring of injection pressure during peripheral nerve blocks
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Nerve blocks are increasing in popularity and are associated with a small but real risk of long-lasting nerve injury There is evidence that limiting the opening injection pressure to less than 20 psi is associated with a decreased risk of nerve injury in large animalsMonitoring the injection pressure has also been shown to reduce the incidence of needle-nerve contact during nerve block procedures in patientsThere are several broad methods of monitoring injection pressure, each of which is relatively simple and inexpensive. These include the compressed air bubble technique, using electronic pressure gauges built in to infusion pumps, and specialized in-line pressure monitoring devicesA more recent innovation is the development of pressure-limiting devices that do not require the operator’s vigilance, but simply restrict flow when pressures of 15 psi are achieved