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Expression of Genes in Bacteria, Yeast, and Cultured Mammalian Cells
Published in Jay L. Nadeau, Introduction to Experimental Biophysics, 2017
A stable transfection begins with ordinary transient transfection, followed by a selection protocol that allows only those few cells that have integrated the plasmid DNA into their genome to survive. Most mammalian expression vectors contain a selectable marker, almost always neo, or neomycin resistance (neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic found in topical preparations, e.g., Neosporin). Neo can neutralize the toxin geneticin, also called G418. Other common markers are puromycin (puro) and hygromycin (hyg).
Crown ethers having side arms: a diverse and versatile supramolecular chemistry
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2021
Michael R. Gokel, Michael McKeever, Joseph W. Meisel, Saeedeh Negin, Mohit B. Patel, Shanheng Yin, George W. Gokel
The concept of antimicrobial combination therapy is well established in modern medicine. A very successful example is the product called Augmentin®. It is a combination of amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate, a β-lactamase inhibitor [59]. A major resistance mechanism for the penicillin family of antibiotics is cleavage of the β-lactam ring. Clavulanate inhibits this enzyme, allowing amoxicillin to realize its full potency. Other products include Neosporin ointment, a mixture of three antibiotics: zinc bacitracin, neomycin sulfate, and polymyxin B sulfate. A mixture of three antibiotics enhances the chance of one or two – perhaps all three – showing potency against the offending microbe. The mechanism of action is not like that in Augmentin® which uses an additive to prevent destruction of the active substance. Any mechanism by which two or three of the drugs in Neosporin interact to enhance potency is less clear.