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The Lower Extremities
Published in Melanie Franklyn, Peter Vee Sin Lee, Military Injury Biomechanics, 2017
The talus rests on the anterior two-thirds of the calcaneus (Moore et al. 2011). The calcaneus is the largest and strongest bone of the foot and transmits the majority of the body weight from the talus to the ground. The posterior portion of the calcaneus serves as the insertion point for the Achilles tendon. The head of the talus is supported by the talar shelf of the calcaneus. It also articulates with the navicular. The navicular bone resides on the medial side of the foot and has three strongly concave proximal articular surfaces for each of the three cuneiform bones. The medial, middle and lateral cuneiforms articulate with the first, second and third metatarsal bones, respectively, via a tarsometatarsal joint. Residing medial of the cuneiform is the cuboid bone. The lateral cuneiform and navicular bones articulate with the medial surface of the cuboid bone. The cuboid bone also articulates with the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones forming the tarsometatarsal joint and with the calcaneus proximally at the calcaneocuboid joint. The metatarsals connect the tarsus to the 14 phalanges. Each phalange is constructed of three bones except the first phalange which consists of two bones (Moore et al. 2011).
Increase in foot arch asymmetry after full marathon completion
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Mako Fukano, Kento Nakagawa, Takayuki Inami, Ayako Higashihara, Satoshi Iizuka, Takaya Narita, Toshihiro Maemichi, Akane yoshimura, Shota Yamaguchi, Shigeo Iso
A portable three-dimensional foot scanner (JMS-2100CU, Dream GP, Osaka, Japan) was used to measure foot posture. The accuracy of this scanner was shown in a previous study; the error was < 0.2 mm for lengths (Fukano et al., 2018). Three-dimensional foot postures of the participants were obtained in the standing and sitting positions (Figure 1). In the standing position, the participants were asked to keep a relaxed upright position with their bare feet approximately shoulder width apart. During scanning, the foot aligned with the longitudinal axis, which is the line connecting the mid-point of the heel to the second digit head, with a guideline drawn on the foot bearing area of the foot scanner. In the sitting position, the participants were asked to sit with their bare feet approximately shoulder width apart and with 90° knee flexion and 0° ankle dorsi/plantar flexion. The foot placement was similar to that in the standing position. Anatomical landmarks of the most medial point of the navicular bone were identified by palpation and marked prior to scanning. The foot outline and marks were automatically recognised. The foot length and distance from the floor of the navicular bone mark were calculated by the foot scanner system.
Contribution of foot joints in the energetics of human running
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Kevin Deschamps, Giovanni Matricali, Helen Peters, Maarten Eerdekens, Sander Wuite, Alberto Leardini, Filip Staes
The details of the skin-based marker set for the multi-segment foot modelling have been described in additional file 1. Briefly, thirty-four retro-reflective markers were placed on both feet and shanks according to the Rizzoli Foot Model (Leardini et al. 2007) (Figure 1). Based on this marker set, the so-called IOR-4segment-model1 described by Deschamps et al. (2017) was applied. This model includes a total of five segments: shank, calcaneus, midfoot, metatarsus and hallux. The following terminology was used with respect to the inter-segment angle calculations (joints): Ankle between shank and calcaneus, Chopart between calcaneus and midfoot, Lisfranc between midfoot and metatarsus, and first metatarsophalangeal joint or hallux (MTP) between first-metatarsal and phalanx. The four corresponding joint center definitions were: the midpoint between medial and lateral malleoli, the midpoint between the cuboid and the navicular bone, the base of the second metatarsal, the projection of hallux marker half distance from the floor.
Comparative functional anatomy using rigid multibody simulation and anatomical transfer: Homo sapiens, Pan paniscus and Papio anubis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
A. Perrier, M. Bucki, A. Supiot, N. Delcroix, F. Lamberton, F. Druelle, A. Herrel, G. Berillon
The anatomical transfer is only functional if the target model and the atlas have the same number of bones. Thus, it was necessary to remove, from the Papio anubis model, the sesamoid bones present on the metatarsophalangeal joints of the 2,3,4 and 5th rays as well as an accessory cuboid bone. For Pan paniscus, an accessory navicular bone was removed. The anatomical transfer did not allow stable resting models, instability of the metatarsophalangeal and metatarsocunean joints for Papio anubis and the metatarsophalangeal and metatarsocuboidian instability for Pan paniscus. Simulationsr performed without toes and metatarsals have good joint stability for both specimens. A set of polyarticular ligament structure, fascias and ligaments as well as very specific uniarticular ligament structures, particularly on metatarsal-phalangeal ligaments enable good mid and forefoot stability on the validated Homo sapiens model. The muscles of these species are well described in the literature, but not the joints or the union means of polyarticular cohesion such as aponeuroses. In addition, the muscles have different paths allowing the opposability of the first ray.