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Graphene-Based Electrochemicals and Biosensors for Multifaceted Applications in Healthcare
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
G. Manasa, Nagaraj Shetti, Ronald J. Mascarenhas, Kakarla Raghava Reddy
Seo and group [89] have fabricated a FET-based biosensor to detect SARS-CoV-2 by exploiting spike protein as a detection probe. FET is a device with three terminals, namely gate, source, and drain. In this electrode system, the electric field variations in the semiconductor gate region control the magnitude of the source-drain current [27]. The FET was layered with 1-pyrene butyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (PBASE) functionalized graphene sheets on which SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike protein antibodies were immobilized. PBASE acted as a probe linker between graphene-coated FET and antibodies. The performance of the FET was tested using the antigen protein, cultured virus, and nasopharyngeal swab samples from COVID-19 patients. The biosensor detected spike protein antigen in both PBS and universal transport medium (UTM-employed to suspend nasopharyngeal swabs in clinical diagnosis). The tests demonstrated the sensitive detection of the SAR-CoV-2 virus in PBS and UTM with a LOD of 1.0 fg/mL and 100.0 fg/mL, respectively. In contrast, the cultured virus and nasopharyngeal swab samples produced a LOD of 1.6 101 pfu/mL and 2.42 × 102 copies/mL, respectively. While on the other hand, a company named Grapheal introduced this graphene-based rapid COVID-19 screening test for direct detection of viral particles from saliva samples.
Targeted proteomic approaches in the context of COVID-19 pandemic
Published in Sanjeeva Srivastava, Multi-Pronged Omics Technologies to Understand COVID-19, 2022
Mehar Un Nissa, Alisha Srivastava, Medha Gayathri J. Pai
Mass spectrometry has also helped in generating high-throughput data for understanding the pathogenesis and severity caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in the host body. SWATH-DIA-based mass spectrometric analysis performed on a cohort of SARSCoV-2 patients generated comprehensive proteomic data that could identify a large panel of differentially expressed host proteins. Majorly affected proteins belong to the coagulation system, complement factors, pro-inflammatory factors, and inflammatory modulators (Messner et al. 2020). Recently, a proteomics study has reported an extensive analysis of nasopharyngeal swab samples of COVID-19 patients to study the effects of viral infection on the host at the molecular level. Several differentially expressed host proteins were identified (l-lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, aspartate aminotransferase, and ferritin), the expression of which was further validated using MRM-based targeted approach (Bankar et al. 2021). A similar study was also performed on plasma samples of COVID-19 individuals to explore the proteomic alterations in response to viral infection. MRM-based approach was used for quantitative validation of differentially expressed host proteins. Few proteins like SERPINA3, AGT, FGG, APOB, and SEPRING1 were reported to be overexpressed in COVID-19 positive cases as per their discovery and targeted proteomics data (Suvarna et al. 2021). Table 4.1 summarizes studies concerning the peptides being studied and chosen. All these studies differ in the approach and targets that were finalized but give assurance that with proper testing and optimizations, mass spectrometry–based TP assays will soon be mainstream for diagnosis of COVID-19 infections.
Application of 3D Printing in COVID-19
Published in Salah-ddine Krit, Vrijendra Singh, Mohamed Elhoseny, Yashbir Singh, Artificial Intelligence Applications in a Pandemic, 2022
M. Anantha Sunil, T. Sanjana, Akshata Rai, Apoorva G. Kanthi
As the infection of COVID-19 spreads, the need for conducting tests increases. The demand for COVID-19 test kits is very high, and the nasopharyngeal swab is an integral part of the kit. Thus, the demand for nasopharyngeal swab production has increased rapidly. The shortage results in the reduction of testing, thereby creating a situation so compromising that it could prove fatal to many.
DeepCOVID-19: A model for identification of COVID-19 virus sequences with genomic signal processing and deep learning
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Emmanuel Adetiba, Joshua A. Abolarinwa, Anthony A. Adegoke, Tunmike B. Taiwo, Oluwaseun T. Ajayi, Abdultaofeek Abayomi, Joy N. Adetiba, Joke A. Badejo
In order to unmask the pathogenetic, epidemiological, and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2, hundreds of researchers globally are combining data and developing solutions. Amongst the solutions is the use of machine learning to help identify who is at risk, diagnose patients, predict the virus spread, and fast track drug development. To determine COVID-19 infection, (Xu et al., 2020) conducted a comparative study between the use of a Reverse Transcription-Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and an early screening model using deep learning techniques with pulmonary Computed Tomography (CT) images. The RT-PCR had a relatively low positive rate of early detection for COVID-19 infection, as it was primarily used for the detection of viral RNA from sputum or nasopharyngeal swab. A three-dimensional deep learning model was developed from pulmonary CT image sets, using a total of 618 CT samples. The model learned to separate images and categorize them into COVID-19, Influenza-A, viral pneumonia and non-infections, using a location-attention classification model (Xu et al., 2020). The deep learning models developed were effective for early diagnosis of COVID-19 patients, following an overall accuracy of 86.7% from the CT samples taken.
Prevalence, attitude, knowledge, and risk perception towards COVID-19 in COPD patients associated to biomass exposure
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Francisco Montiel-Lopez, Daniela Rodríguez-Ramírez, María Cristina Miranda-Márquez, Maricruz Cassou-Martínez, Héctor Perea-Gutiérrez, Andrea Hernández-Pérez, María de Lourdes Martínez Gómez, Raúl H Sansores, Rafael Hernández-Zenteno, Rogelio Pérez-Padilla, Alejandra Ramírez-Venegas
First, the contact with the patients was through telephone calls and not by face-to-face consultations. More than 40% of the original cohort of patients could not be located due to a change or lack of access to telephone services, reducing the size group for this study, and this group could also have the greatest social disadvantages that could not be assessed. On the other hand, not all patients with a positive COVID-19 test were confirmed by PCR using a nasopharyngeal swab (gold standard); despite this, those with a clinical diagnosis have a report of close contact with positive relatives by PCR test.
COVID-19;-The origin, genetics,and management of the infection of mothers and babies
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Hassan Ih El-Sayyad, Yousef Ka Abdalhafid
During SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, infected pregnant women suffered from increased oxygen consumption and edema of the respiratory tract. Laboratory investigations that have been conducted involvement the measurement of hemolysis, liver enzymes, platelet count, D-dimers, prothrombin time, platelet count in all patients, activated partial thromboplastin time and fibrinogen levels [83]. Investigating a 41-year-old with a positive COVID-19 nasopharyngeal swab revealed that a cesarean delivery was conducted and maternal IgM and IgG were positive on postpartum day four (day nine after the onset of symptoms) [84].