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Cell Adhesion in Animal Cell Culture: Physiological and Fluid-Mechanical Implications
Published in Martin A. Hjortso, Joseph W. Roos, Cell Adhesion, 2018
Manfred R. Koller, Eleftherios T. Papoutsakis
The staggering number of mature cells that must be continuously produced under normal unstressed conditions are derived from progenitor (or precursor) cells. These progenitor cells are unipotential or bipotential and are therefore capable of undergoing proliferation, differentiation, and development into only one or two of the mature cell types. These progenitor cells are designated by the term “colony-forming unit,” CFU (or “colony-forming cell,” CFC), because of their ability to form colonies of mature cells in semisolid agar culture. To specify the type of progenitor, a suffix is simply added to the CFU-designation. For example, granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM) proliferate and develop into mature neutrophils and macrophages. Erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E) undergo growth and hemoglobinization to form mature erythrocytes. Similarly, other lineage-restricted progenitor cells have been described that give rise to eosinophils (CFU-Eos), basophils (CFU-Bas), and megakaryocytes (CFU-Meg) (133). In adult animals, these myeloid progenitor cells are located mainly in the bone marrow, with small populations in the spleen and the circulation. It therefore follows that the bone marrow is the major site of myeloid blood cell production in adults. B-cell progenitors are found in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymphoid tissues, while T-cell progenitors are formed only in the thymus and from there may migrate to other lymphoid tissues. Like the mature cells they produce, most progenitor cells are short-lived because as they proliferate, they concomitantly undergo development and lose their proliferative potential.
Development of Oligonucleotide Delivery, (siRNAs), and (miRNA) Systems for Anticancer Therapeutic Strategy Immunotherapy
Published in Loutfy H. Madkour, Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment, 2022
Hematological malignancies are a group of diseases characterized by clonal proliferation of blood-forming cells that collectively represent 9% of all cancers and affect people of all ages. Malignant blood diseases are classified as myeloid or lymphoid depending on their stem cells of origin and as acute or chronic based on the clinical course. The myeloid lineage normally produces granulocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes, macrophages, and mast cells. The myeloid neoplasms are a group of diseases that primarily develop and expand in the bone marrow and can home to peripheral hematopoietic tissues. Myeloid neoplasms include myeloproliferative neoplasm (chronic myelogenous leukemia [CML], chronic neutrophilic leukemia, polycythemia vera, primary myelofibrosis, and essential thrombocythemia), myelodysplastic syndromes, and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). The lymphoid lineage produces B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, natural killer, and plasma cells. Lymphoid neoplasms are characterized by lymphocyte accumulation in the bloodstream, the bone marrow, or in lymphatic nodes and organs. Lymphoid neoplasms include acute leukemia of uncertain lineage, mature B-cell neoplasms, acute B and T leukemias (ALL), B and T lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), lymphoma, and multiple myeloma (MM). In adults, AML and CLL are the most common types of leukemia. Leukemia is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in children aged 0–14 years, accounting for up to 35% of all cancers, 77% of which are ALL [113]. Although hematological malignancies represent >60 distinct disease types, each having particular clinical features, treatment pathways, and outcomes, these diseases are related in the sense that they may all result from acquired mutations to the DNA of a single lymph- or blood-forming stem cell. Several of these diseases are associated with chromosomal translocations, which cause gene fusion and amplification of expression, while others are characterized by an aberrant expression of oncogenes. Overall, these genes play a major role in the development and maintenance of malignant clones.
An Efficient Hybrid Model for Acute Myeloid Leukaemia detection using Convolutional Bi-LSTM based Recurrent Neural Network
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Myeloid cells are described from myeloblasts that consist of eosinophils, monocytes, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils and megakaryocytes. In 1976, the French American British (FAB) Co-operative group established the classification system, which classifies the AML that depends on the bone marrow, blood and cytochemical staining (Petiti et al. 2020). The AML FAB classification depends upon the morphologic, where the AML is classified into eight categories as M1, M2, M3, M4, M4 E0, M5, M6 and M7. Specifically, in AML the M2 feature is myeloblastic leukaemia, it contains Auer rod, oval or round shape nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas the AML M3 is the acute promyelocytic leukaemia, it contains an extra Auer rod, lobulated and round nucleus and soft cytoplasm (Mashima et al. 2018).