China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Occupational Injuries and Diseases
Published in Dag K. Brune, Christer Edling, Occupational Hazards in the Health Professions, 2020
Elisabeth Lagerlöf, Elisabet Broberg
The boundary line between accident-related injuries and injuries due to physical wear and tear or to overexertion tends to blur. An injury onset, which is perceived to be acute by the claimant, in connection with a heavy lift consequent upon overexertion of a part of the body, may very well have been caused by several years of unremitting heavy labor. The appearance of the injury just when this particular lift is being made could be a purely random occurrence. On the other hand, an inflammation of a tendon sheath may arise after only a brief period elapses if the claimant is wholly inexperienced or untrained. In the following, a musculoskeletal injury is classified when some acute event has occurred that has contributed to the injury or if the injury can be attributed to a particular untoward occurrence. Any gradually increasing complaint, as well as a complaint which cannot be related to a specific occurrence, but where it may be considered likely that the workload on the job has contributed to the genesis for the injury, is classified as an occupational disease.
Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields
Published in Marko S. Markov, James T. Ryaby, Erik I. Waldorff, Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields for Clinical Applications, 2020
Following a challenge such as a bone fracture, surgical incision, or other musculoskeletal injury, repair commences with an inflammatory stage during which the proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, are released from macrophages and neutrophils that rapidly migrate to the injury site. IL-1β upregulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which is not Ca2+ dependent and therefore not modulated directly by PEMF. Large sustained amounts of NO that are produced by iNOS in the wound bed (Lee et al., 2001) are proinflammatory and can lead to increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandins (PGEs). These processes are a natural and necessary component of healing but are often unnecessarily prolonged, which can lead to increased pain and delayed or abnormal healing (Broughton et al., 2006). The natural anti-inflammatory regulation produced by CaM/NO/cGMP signaling attenuates IL-1β levels and downregulates iNOS (Palmi and Meini, 2002).
Surface electromyographic assessment of low back pain
Published in Kumar Shrawan, Mital Anil, Electromyography in Ergonomics, 2017
Serge H. Roy, Carlo J. De Luca
The most common diagnosis reported for LBP is acute or chronic musculoskeletal injury (Bigos and Battie, 1987; Andersson et al., 1989; Teufel and Traue, 1989). Although it is not possible at this time to identify definitively paraspinal muscles as the etiological site of LBP, muscular and other soft-tissue injuries are suspected when no other structural or neural abnormalities can be identified on the basis of radiographs or bone scans (White and Gordon, 1982; Andersson et al., 1989). Regardless of whether the soft-tissue injury is located in the muscle or other components of the spinal complex, such as the intervertebral disc, facet joint, or ligament, normal muscle functioning is likely to be impaired secondary to pain or mechanical disorders (De Luca, 1993b). The importance of these structures to normal back functioning is underscored by the fact that the most common conservative treatment approaches currently recommended for LBP are targeted at reversing musculoskeletal dysfunction through exercise (Darling, 1993; D’Orazio, 1993). Prevention is an important adjunct to this approach and includes muscle sparing techniques, redesign of the work-site or modification of the job task (Isernhagen, 1993). The discipline of ergonomics and occupational safety and health have contributed greatly to these latter important aspects of LBP management (Isernhagen, 1993).
Estimation of mass apparent density and Young’s modulus of femoral neck-head region
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2020
Rahul A. Gujar, Hemant N. Warhatkar
In bones, fracture as a result of traumatic injury is a major contributor to long-term disability and loss of work and is therefore an important health concern, as well as contributor to overall societal economic burden. Fracture and musculoskeletal injury occurs when local stresses or strains exceed the ultimate strength of bones, tendons, ligaments and muscles. Severity of injury is determined by peak forces and moments resulting from the impact and the tissues resistance to injury [1,2]. Hip fracture is a health problem of enormous proportions. The complexity involved in mechanism is challenge for implantation and to prevent injuries. The nature of the joints in case of the femur is very complex. Therefore, study of proximal femur failure mechanics has a pivotal role to play in preventing injury to a hip.
Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal and non-musculoskeletal injuries in health care workers: the implications for work disability management
Published in Ergonomics, 2018
Nelson Ositadimma Oranye, Jayson Bennett
Injuries that affect skeletal muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints or a blood vessel that services skeletal muscle and any related tissues are commonly classified as musculoskeletal injuries. The musculoskeletal injuries can also be defined as sprains and strains to the low back, neck, shoulder or knee, referring to the body parts that are commonly affected. Most musculoskeletal disorders or injuries result from human occupation or work activities. Musculoskeletal injury and disorders arise from a combination of physical factors related to work, such as heavy or repetitive motions, repeated rotation of the trunk, exposure to vibrations or prolonged postures, (da Costa and Vieira 2010; Friesen et al. 2006) and workplace psychosocial factors including work demands, decision latitude, social support and psychological distress (Chen, Yu, and Wong 2005). Work environment factors such as shift work, lack of equipment, unorganised material or lack of opportunity for rest breaks also play a role in the development of musculoskeletal disorders (Trinkoff et al. 2008).