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Electromyograms
Published in A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto, Mechano-Electric Correlations in the Human Physiological System, 2021
A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto
The human muscular system is a complex system comprising skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle, with each type of muscle having specific characteristics (Saladin & McFarland, 2008; Kamen & Gabriel, 2010). The muscular system permits the body movement, blood circulation and posture of the human body (Kamen & Gabriel, 2010). Figure 4.5 shows the different types of muscles in the physiological system.
The Amazing Architecture of the Human Immune System
Published in Rocky Dr. Termanini, The Nano Age of Digital Immunity Infrastructure Fundamentals and Applications, 2018
The muscular system consists of about 650 muscles that aid in movement, blood flow, and other bodily functions. There are three types of muscle: skeletal muscle, which is connected to bone and helps with voluntary movement; smooth muscle, which is found inside organs and helps to move substances through organs; and cardiac muscle, which is found in the heart and helps pump blood.
All-solid-state carbon-nanotube-fiber-based finger-muscle and robotic gripper
Published in International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, 2022
Xia Liu, Hua Ji, Boyan Liu, Qingsheng Yang
In the human muscular system, muscle tissue can be categorized into one of three types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Muscles typically work in pairs consisting of both flexors and extensors. The flexors contract and pull on the bone, which produces a movement of the joint. When the movement is completed, the flexors relax, and the extensors contract to either extend or straighten the bones. In other words, they can move limbs only via contraction and followed relaxation, they can never push bones back to their original position. For this reason, human palm muscles consist of antagonistically arranged flexors and extensors that enable the fingers to bend toward the palm. Today, artificial muscles are already available, which can be used to replace human muscles. It is also feasible to design flexible artificial muscle-structures that mimic the musculoskeletal system.
Impact of sedentarism due to the COVID-19 home confinement on neuromuscular, cardiovascular and metabolic health: Physiological and pathophysiological implications and recommendations for physical and nutritional countermeasures
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2021
Marco Narici, Giuseppe De Vito, Martino Franchi, Antonio Paoli, Tatiana Moro, Giuseppe Marcolin, Bruno Grassi, Giovanni Baldassarre, Lucrezia Zuccarelli, Gianni Biolo, Filippo Giorgio di Girolamo, Nicola Fiotti, Flemming Dela, Paul Greenhaff, Constantinos Maganaris
The evidence that exercise is of vital importance for preserving the integrity and function of the neuromuscular system is incontrovertible. Numerous studies have shown that when resistive exercise, in various forms, is applied during bed rest periods, the loss of muscle mass is significantly mitigated or fully prevented (Alkner & Tesch, 2014a, 2014b; Belavý, Miokovic, Armbrecht, Rittweger, & Felsenberg, 2009; Kawakami et al., 2001). Likewise, the comparison of neuromuscular decline in sedentary versus active seniors, confirms the essential role of exercise for the prevention of neuromuscular system impairment with inactivity. When dealing with inactivity, or reduced activity, the essential goal of any exercise countermeasure programme should be to preserve normal physiological function. In this respect, we should provide our muscular system with loading activities (intensity and duration) similar to those encountered during habitual, unrestricted, ambulatory activities. In so doing we would also “keep in tune” motoneurons and motor end-plates, ensuring uncompromised nerve-muscle cross-talk. As motoneurons are particularly rich in mitochondria, regular physical activity, particularly if aerobic in nature, seems essential for preventing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage to the motoneuron and the NMJ. Also, exercise is known to maintain neurotrophin release, whose action plays an essential role in maintaining neuromuscular system integrity (Nishimune, Stanford, & Mori, 2014).