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Microbiological Hazards
Published in Dag K. Brune, Christer Edling, Occupational Hazards in the Health Professions, 2020
Parotitis virus (a paromyxovirus) spreads through close contact and droplets and probably also through fomites. Clinical meningitis occurs in 1 to 10% of patients with mumps parotitis.357 More feared is epidydimo-orchitis and oophoritis seen in males and females in 20 to 30 and 5%, respectively.358 Pediatric personnel are at highest risk for acquiring the disease, and in the absence of a previous history of clinical illness, vaccine should be offered.359The vaccine, being of the live, attenuated type, should not be given to pregnant personnel or to personnel with congenital or acquired immunodeficiency.
Health effects and the baby boomers — childhood
Published in J. Mangano Joseph, Low-Level Radiation and Immune System Damage, 2018
Mumps is also a highly contagious viral disease, affecting mostly children 5 to 15, that features pain, swollen salivary glands, fever, and difficulty in swallowing. Soon after the measles vaccine was introduced in the early 1960s, a similar measure for mumps was introduced, and cases dropped by about 95% by the 1980s. Mumps was not made a notifiable disease until 1968, limiting any analysis of the Baby Boomer’s experience. The first four years of national reporting (1968 to 1971), a time when most mumps victims were Baby Boomers, shows the trend in annual numbers of cases was unpredictable (152,209, 90,918, 104,953, and 124,939).
Characterization of performance and disinfection resilience of nonwoven filter materials for use in 3D-printed N95 respirators
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2021
Patrick T. O’Shaughnessy, Brian Strzelecki, Monica Ortiz-Hernandez, Patrick Aubin, Xuefang Jing, Qing Chang, Jinhua Xiang, Peter S. Thorne, Jack T. Stapleton
Previous research efforts by this study team had proven that the Stopgap SFM mask itself could be effectively disinfected (Welch et al. 2021). Here, viral inactivation tests on filter media were also conducted after utilizing a variety of disinfection methods. To determine the effectiveness of chemical inactivation of diverse viral pathogens, virus preparations were applied to the C4 combination and treated with a single application of bleach, hydrogen peroxide, isopropyl alcohol, or quartenary amine and residual infectious virus measured. Two human positive strand, RNA coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2 and 229E-CoV), one murine coronavirus (MHV-CoV), one negative strand RNA virus (mumps virus), one single-strand DNA virus (vaccinia virus), and one double-strand DNA virus (adenovirus) were evaluated. All are enveloped viruses except adenovirus. Additional details concerning the viruses applied to the filter media and the disinfection methods are given in Supplement Part C.
On the interpretation of bioaerosol exposure measurements and impacts on health
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2019
Hamza Mbareche, Lidia Morawska, Caroline Duchaine
Infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses. When any of these become airborne, they can be transmitted to humans via the air. Among bacteria, legionellosis, tuberculosis, and anthrax are infectious diseases that constitute significant public health concerns due to their infectivity even at low doses. Legionella pneumophila, the etiological agent of legionellosis, can be aerosolized from contaminated water (Rowbotham 1980). Tuberculosis patients can transmit Mycobacterium tuberculosis in droplet nuclei by coughing, sneezing, and talking (Pearson et al. 1992). Anthrax, which is often linked to bioterrorism, is caused by the inhalation of Bacillus anthracis spores (Jernigan et al. 2001). Other examples of bacterial infection through aerosols include Chlamydia psittaci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Lyczak, Cannon, and Pier 2000; Morawska 2006). The most common invasive fungal infections are aspergillosis (Aspergillus fumigatus), candidiasis (Candida albicans), cryptococcosis (Cryptococcus neoformans), mucormycosis (Rhizopus oryzae), pneumocystis (Pneumocystis jirovecii), coccidioidomycosis (Coccodioides immitis), histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum), paracoccodioidomycosis (Paracoccidioides brasilliensis), and penicilliosis (Penicillium marneffei), all of which can be transmitted through aerosol spore exposure (Brown et al. 2012). Finally, viruses that are readily transmitted by bioaerosols include severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, enteric viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), hantavirus, varicella–zoster virus, mumps virus, rubella virus, and influenza A and B viruses (Bonifait et al. 2015; Gershon 2008; Hjelle and Glass 2000; Lindsley et al. 2010; Matricardi et al. 2000; Tellier 2009; Teltsch and Katzenelson 1978; Uyeki, Bresee 2007; Booth et al. 2005). It was suggested that other viruses, such as norovirus, could reach human’s digestive system through inhalation and swallowing (Bonifait et al. 2015). Although obvious evidence of viral airborne transmission is available, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are still skeptical about the subject of airborne transmission from one patient to the other (CDC 2018).