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Africa
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Challenges for Sustainable Development in Industry 4.0
Published in Amit Kumar Tyagi, Niladhuri Sreenath, Handbook of Research of Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, 2022
Anbesh Jamwal, Sumedha Bhatnagar, Rajeev Agrawal, Monica Sharma
The challenge to ensure healthy lives focus on improving the efficiency of human capital. It addresses all the major health issues that include access to safe, effective, and affordable medicines and vaccines, maternal, and child healthcare facilities, universal health coverage, communicable, and non-communicable and environmental diseases [26]. The challenge is to ensure the well-being of an individual and develop efficient public resources and society. The increase in pollution, calamities, and other external factors have impacted the health of human beings to an extreme level [27]. Over the years, initiatives have been taken by the various national and international organizations towards the improvement of the healthcare system in the country by increasing life expectancy and reducing the mortality rate [28]. The steps have been taken to reduce the child and maternal mortality rate by providing pre and post healthcare facilities and sufficient nutrition to the mother and child. Globally the incidence of major infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, malaria, and TB have declined but they are still a challenge to in low-income countries [29]. In developing countries, the maternal mortality rate is 14 times higher than the maternal mortality rate in developed countries. This shows the lack of health facilities available in developing countries [30]. Universal affordable access to healthcare facilities for both physical and mental health remain a challenge and also an obstacle to the preparedness of unforeseen pandemics/epidemics.
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Published in David M. Cruden, Robin Fell, Landslide Risk Assessment, 2018
Mortality rates are conventionally expressed as average number of deaths per 100,000 of a given population over a given period of time. In 1994 Canada’s population was 29,422,400 which yields a landslide mortality rate of 0.013 per 100,000 of the population. This compares to death rates of 188.3 due to malignant neoplasm (the leading cause of death in Canada in 1994), 184.2 due to heart diseases, 29.1 for accidents and adverse effects, and 5.5 for HIV infection (Statistics Canada, Health Statistics Division). Landslide mortality rate in Canada has decreased significantly during the study period (Fig. 2B). LMR’s based on the detailed secondary listings for British Columbia and Quebec are 0.065 and 0.018 respectively for 1995.
Communities: Their Study and their Environmental Problems
Published in John R. Goldsmith, Environmental Epidemiology: Epidemiological Investigation of Community Environmental Health Problems, 2019
For looking at data for the same population over a period of adjacent days or weeks the examination of numbers of deaths is useful and informative because approximately the same numbers of persons and the same sorts of persons are at risk. However when we wish to compare mortality for different populations, or even for the same location across a number of years, it is essential that we take into account the possible differences in the size and character of the population. This is most conveniently done by calculating the mortality rate, which is the number of deaths divided by the number of persons at risk. Since such a procedure usually results in a quite small figure, it is customary to represent the rate as per 100,000 persons.
Lightning fatalities and its correlation with social variables in Northwestern Mexico
Published in Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2023
Grisel Alejandra Gutiérrez-Anguamea, Carlos Manuel Minjarez-Sosa, Xochitl Guadalupe Torres-Carrillo, Guadalupe Esteban Vázquez-Becerra
On the other hand, the analysis of natural disasters in Mexico has described disturbing and hazard assessments for specific situations (Alcántara-Ayala 2004; Arreygue-Rocha et al. 2002; Minjárez-Sosa et al. 2007, 2008). CENAPRED has attempted to quantify how different events have impacted society and its corresponding damage. CENAPRED has proposed methodologies for quantifying different hazards and risks and, within the hydrometeorological phenomena, recognizes that CG strokes can produce critical material damage and death (CENAPRED and SEGOB 2016, 2014; SEGOB and CENAPRED 2006; SSPC and CENAPRED 2010). In addition, using data collected from climatological stations, CENAPRED has developed a municipal-thunderstorm-hazard index to quantify the number of days of thunderstorms and the exposed population. At the national level, the mortality rate and vulnerability of the population have both decreased (Raga et al. 2014). The social variables have made it possible to infer that this decrease in mortality is likely a result of shifting work activities (from agricultural practices and fishing to modern-day commerce) and the transition from outdoor settings to safer spaces indoors, reflecting the economic advancement of the country over time.
A new pricing mechanism for pharmaceutical supply chains: a game theory analytical approach for healthcare service
Published in International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 2022
Amirhossein Mostofi, Vipul Jain, Yi Mei, Lyes Benyoucef
The healthcare system has progressed remarkably in recent years, and the mortality rate decreased by more than 10% between 1960 and 2014. Various factors have contributed to this reduction, including improved medical care, fast access to medicines, and the availability of high-tech facilities. The PSC is critical because it provides the right dosage of medicines at the right time for patients, and it can be helpful in patients’ recovery (Schaeffer 2009). PSC management could also facilitate the relationship between the PSC members to improve their performance and functionality by allocating the right amount of PSC profit to them. There are several important topics in the context of the health care system and especially the pharmaceutical supply chain, some of which are relevant to the current study and discussed in the following chapters. Also, it is explained how the paper could cover the gaps in the topics mentioned.
An automated liver tumour segmentation and classification model by deep learning based approaches
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Sayan Saha Roy, Shraban Roy, Prithwijit Mukherjee, Anisha Halder Roy
Liver cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer). Cirrhosis and liver cancer have become more common bug since 1980. The mortality rate, on the other hand, has dropped significantly over time as medical research has advanced. Though challenging, if surgery is feasible, modern, updated medical science also has the benefit of increased survival rates across all stages of disease (https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/liver-cancer/statistics).