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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: A Research Tool and a Potential Therapy for RPE-Associated Blinding Eye Diseases
Published in Deepak A. Lamba, Patient-Specific Stem Cells, 2017
Ruchi Sharma, Balendu Shekhar Jha, Kapil Bharti
Molecular diagnostic is a process of detecting disease-causing risk factors or biomarkers at the genome, transcriptome, or the proteome level. It is often used to diagnose a disease or monitor a treatment, or predict outcomes of a therapy. In the case of RPE-associated congenital diseases, molecular diagnostic is routinely used for genetic counseling in families that carry disease-causing or risk alleles. Because this analysis is mostly done at the genomic level, an easy and noninvasive tissue of choice is blood. This approach works in cases where the mutation is exomic and leads to an alteration in the open reading frame (ORF). However, there can also be nonsense or missense mutations, or insertion or deletion of nucleotides. In cases where the mutation is either intronic or a synonymous nucleotide substitution in the coding region, the consequences of nucleotide alteration are hard to predict by sequence analysis at the genome level. In many cases, these mutations lead to splice alterations at the premessenger RNA level and can only be confirmed at the transcriptome level (Taneri et al., 2012; Lewandowska, 2013). Several of the RPE-specific genes are not at all expressed in blood, and therefore, a confirmatory test for a potential mRNA splice-altering mutation cannot be performed using blood samples.
Nanodevices for the Detection of Cancer Cells
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
In the recent era, nanotechnology has led to numerous promising results with its applications for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, involving drug delivery, gene therapy, detection and diagnosis, drug carriage, biomarker mapping, targeted therapy and molecular imaging. Nanotechnology has been engaged for the development purpose of nanomaterials, like gold nanoparticles and quantum dots, that are useful for cancer diagnosis at the molecular level. Nanotechnology-based molecular diagnostics, for instance, the development of biomarkers, may accurately as well as rapidly detect cancers. Treatments based on nanotechnology, like the development of nanoscale drug delivery, might confirm accurate cancerous tissue targeting with the least side effects. Because of their biological nature, nanomaterials may simply cross cell barriers. Over the years, nanomaterials have been applied in the treatment of tumors, as they offer active and passive targeting. Even though several drugs may be used to treat cancers, and thus the sensitivity of the drugs usually leads to insufficient results and also might have distinct side effects and could lead to damage to the healthy cells. In view of that, various studies have observed different forms of nanomaterials, like liposomes, polymers, molecules and antibodies, with the conclusion that a combination of these nanomaterials in cancer drug design may accomplish a balance between enhancing efficacy as well as reducing the toxicity of drugs. Conversely, because of the potential toxicity of nanomaterials, it still requires a lot of advancement to be done on them before their willing acceptance in the clinic for cancer management.
Foodborne Pathogens and Nanoparticles as a Tool for Quality Assurance and Intervention of Foodborne Pathogens
Published in Moayad N. Khalaf, Michael Olegovich Smirnov, Porteen Kannan, A. K. Haghi, Environmental Technology and Engineering Techniques, 2020
Porteen Kannan, S. Wilfred Ruban, M. Nithya Quintoil
Nanotechnology may be defined as the creation and utilization of materials, devices, and systems through the control of matter on the nanometer scale (1 billionth of a meter). Nanotechnology has been widely applied for the rapid detection of microbes in various samples including food. These technologies extend the limits of current molecular diagnostics and enable point-of-care diagnosis as well as the development of personalized medicine. Although the potential applications of nanotechnology are unlimited, most important current applications are foreseen in the areas of biomarker research, cancer diagnosis, and sensitive and specific detection of infectious microorganisms.
Sequentially automated extraction of nucleic acids with magnetophoresis in microfluidic chips
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2023
M. Kashif Siddique, Ruizhi Lee, Songjing Li, Lin Sun
The proposed method offers several potential applications in biology and medicine. One application is molecular diagnostics, where the ability to extract nucleic acids from a small sample of biological material is crucial for detecting diseases caused by viruses or bacteria. The reported approach automates the extraction and reduces the time required for analysis, making it promising for rapidly and accurately diagnosing infectious diseases. Another potential application is genetic research, where extracting high-quality nucleic acids is critical for such as gene expression profiling or next-generation sequencing. The proposed method may improve the quality and quantity of nucleic acids extracted from biological samples, enabling more reliable and informative analysis. The proposed method may improve the nucleic acid extraction efficiency, accuracy, and reproducibility in various applications, making it a valuable tool for biology, medicine, and biotechnology.