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Ecological and Health Implications of Heavy Metals Contamination in the Environment and Their Bioremediation Approaches
Published in Ram Naresh Bharagava, Sandhya Mishra, Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira, Bioremediation, 2022
In rats, administration of lead acetate resulted in a decrease in mean body weight and the effect increased with increasing dose. Levels of AST (aspartate transaminase) and ALT (alanine transaminase) rose due to jaundice, hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. A significant reduction in the total erythrocyte count (TEC), decreased haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume result in hypochromic microcytic anaemia (Alwaleedi 2015). High levels of lead were found in blood and milk of cattle that were reared near industrial areas involving manufacturing of batteries and iron pipes. In cattle, clinical signs of lead poisoning include tongue paralysis, difficult breathing, blindness, excessive salivation, teeth grinding, nasal discharge, muscle spasms, head pressing and incoordination (Barbosa et al. 2014).
Lead Toxicity and Flavonoids
Published in Tanmoy Chakraborty, Lalita Ledwani, Research Methodology in Chemical Sciences, 2017
Amrish Chandra, Deepali Saxena
The relationship between lead and haem pathway enzymes has been well studied (Fig. 17.5). This pathway is found in all cells. Three of the seven enzymes in the production of haem are downregulated by lead, resulting in the dose-dependent diminished production of haem and in the accumulation of precursor molecule. The hematological effects of lead can be attributed to the combined effect of (a) inhibition of hemoglobin synthesis and (b) shortened life spans of circulating erythrocytes. These effects may result in anemia, which may be mild, hyper, chronic, and, sometimes, microcytic anemia. Anemia is also associated with shortened RBCs life span. Basophilic stippling of RBC is a feature of lead-induced anemia. The adverse effects of lead appear even with blood concentration as low as 10 µg/dL.38,39
Health risk assessment of PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound trace elements in Pretoria, South Africa
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Chantelle Howlett-Downing, Johan Boman, Peter Molnár, Joyce Shirinde, Janine Wichmann
The health effects due to chronic exposure to Mn include cardiac and liver disfunction, permanent neurodegenerative disorder, decreased fertility, and increased fetal abnormalities.[30] Long-term excessive Cr(III) intake reduces fertility in women, and Zn causes sideroblastic anemia, hypochromic microcytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy, neutropenia, hypocupraemia, and hypoferremia.[31] Chronic ingestion of high doses of Cu leads to liver cirrhosis, neurological abnormalities, hemolytic anemia, and decline in memory and cognition; Cd affects the gastrointestinal, liver, heart, kidney, and reproductive system.[31] Skin contact with certain Cr(III) and Ni compounds can cause allergic reactions.[32]
Toxic metals in cement induced hematological and DNA damage as well as carcinogenesis in occupationally-Exposed block-factory workers in Lagos, Nigeria
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Tajudeen Yahaya, Esther Oladele, Titilola Salisu, Esther Orji, Zafira Zakari, Umar Usman Liman, Clement Boniface Gomo, Mustapha Abdullahi
Table 3 reveals the levels of the hematological parameters of the participants. Compared with the control, the levels of the PCV, Hb, and RBC of the workers were significantly (p ≥ 0.05) reduced and lower than the permissible limits of the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). On the other hand, the WBC of the workers significantly increased compared with the control and was greater than the limits set by MFMER. The decreased PCV, Hb, and RBC show that the workers were anemic and that cytotoxic interactions occurred between the blood parameters and toxic metals in the blood. Cr (VI) may enter erythrocytes and lymphocytes and induce microcytic anemia [35]. Excessive blood Cu causes lipid peroxidation, which ruptures red blood cells, resulting in hemolytic anemia and even death [36]. Al overload inhibits heme synthesis, resulting in microcytic anemia, characterized by a decrease in Hb and RBC [37]. Regarding the increased WBC, it is an indication of leukocytosis and a sign of immune response to foreign bodies, including toxic metals. The results of the current study are consistent with all available previous studies. Notably [38],,observed blood disorders in some rats exposed to cement dust [39].,reported hematological disorders among cement loaders in Enugu, Nigeria. Moreover [33], observed hematological anomalies in some rats exposed to cement dust [40].,reported an increase in WBC and a decrease in RBC of cement factory workers in Obajana, Kogi State.