China
Africa
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Incidence of Severe Lead Poisoning in Children in Trinidad Resulting from Battery Recycling Operations
Published in Joseph J. Breen, Cindy R. Stroup, Lead Poisoning, 2020
I. Chang-Yen, C. Emrit, A. Hosein-Rahaman
Lead poisoning in children has recently become a very topical issue,1 largely due to the realization that blood lead levels previously thought safe, could result in adverse long-term effects.2 Effects attributed to chronic lead poisoning include microcytic anaemia,3 reduced growth in stature,4 hearing and speech impairment,5 retarded mental development,6–8 and reduced IQ levels.9,10 In extreme cases, frank anaemia, nephropathy, encephalopathy, and even death may occur.2
Review of Nanoscale Spectroscopy in Medicine
Published in Sarhan M. Musa, Nanoscale Spectroscopy with Applications, 2018
Chintha C. Handapangoda, Saeid Nahavandi, Malin Premaratne
The diagnosis of Wilson disease requires analyses of copper in serum and liver biopsy specimens (Sunderman 1973). Measurements of copper in serum and urine are needed for the diagnosis of acute copper intoxication, which is a complication of renal hemodialysis, neonatal exchange transfusion, and ingestion of copper salts (Sunderman 1973). Copper level in serum is elevated in infections, hyperthyroidism, and leukemia. The effectiveness of antileukemic therapy is routinely monitored by observing serum copper and zinc levels using AAS (Berman 1975). Hypozincemia is an abnormality that is observed in a number of clinical situations such as liver disease, lung disease, acute myocardial infarction, chronic kidney disease with uremia, diseases with increased muscle catabolism, and pregnancy (Sunderman 1973). Diagnosis of acute lead poisoning requires the measurements of lead concentrations in whole blood. Atomic absorption spectrometry of lead in whole blood and urine has become a common analytical task in clinical laboratories due to concerns regarding environmental intoxication (Sunderman 1973). Measurements of serum iron and iron-binding capacity have become routine analyses for the diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron overload (Sunderman 1973).
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Published in Ronald J. Burke, Cary L. Cooper, Risky Business, 2016
Mattel and its Fisher-Price subsidiary paid a US$2.3 million penalty for importing and knowingly selling toys with excessive levels of lead. The company recalled several million toys in 2007 (Kavilanz, 2009). Lead poisoning can cause neurological damage and delayed mental and physical development in young children.
The lead burden of occupational lead-exposed workers in Guangzhou, China: 2006–2019
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Jiabin Liang, Jieyan Cai, Jiaming Guo, Jianping Mai, Liping Zhou, Jinwei Zhang, Yimin Liu, Zhi Wang
All data were analyzed by SAS 9.2 and SPSS 15.0 after exporting the files to Excel. The Diagnostic Criteria of Occupational Chronic Lead Poisoning (GBZ37) defines lead poisoning as blood lead ≥40µg/dL or urine lead ≥7µg/dL. Accordingly, the following descriptive statistical indices were used to quantify lead exposure: blood lead levels (BLLs), elevated blood lead levels (EBLLs), urine lead levels (ULLs), elevated urine lead levels (EULLs), frequency of results below the limit of detection (LOD), arithmetic means (AM), geometric means (GM), confidence intervals of 95% (95% CI) and percentiles. In case the lead concentration was lower than the LOD in more than 50% of the samples, only the percentiles were calculated. Measurement data were expressed as percentages, and the GM was calculated since the data was skewed. Chi-square test was used to analyze the differences of EBLLs and EULLs in different industries, and determine the trend through the different years. The correlation between blood and urine lead levels and other factors were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Ρ < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The blood and urine lead levels below the LOD were calculated as LOD/2.14,15
Health effects of low level exposure to lead among communication radio repair workers at Samutsakhon province, Thailand
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2021
Manasawee Thongsringklee, Mark Gregory Robson, Wattasit Siriwong
Lead in human blood is one of the biomarker of lead poisoning. More than 98% of lead are found in blood cells (deSilva 1981; Schutz et al. 1996). Diagnosis of exposure to lead is based on BLL. The median BLL among the workers (2.28 µg/dL in exposed group and 1.04 µg/dL in low exposed group) indicates a low dose of lead exposure in this plant because CDC specifies 5 µg/dL of BLL for adults as a reference. This research study might be conducted in the minor repair activity so lead levels in blood were quite low. In addition, BLL depended on other factors such as the number of communication radios that they repaired, types of communication radio, and how much lead soldering that they used etc. In case of working hours, most clerks had working hours per day more than repairmen. However, median BLL of the repairmen was still higher because they could directly expose to lead while soldering.
Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in groundwater in the west of Minia area, Egypt
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2023
Ahmed Abdelhalim, Guy Howard, Nicholas J. K. Howden, Mohamed Ahmed, Esam Ismail
Lead poisoning causes neurodevelopmental difficulties, kidney failure, hematological diseases, hormonal disease, intestinal harm, cardiac and pregnancy complications. It is also classified as a human carcinogen (Brown and Margolis 2012). According to Mohod and Dhote (2013), high Pb concentrations in drinking water samples can induce blood illnesses, cognitive issues, and malformed nerve connections. Only 4% of the samples exceed the allowed limit of Pb (10 µg/l) in the research area, indicating that no health risks are foreseen (Table 2).