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Wetlands Microbiology: Form, Function, Processes
Published in Donald A. Hammer, Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment, 2020
Ralph J. Portier, Stephen J. Palmer
A microorganism’s ability to grow in a given habitat is determined by its ability to utilize nutrients in its surroundings.32,33 Energy sources available to constructed wetland heterotrophic microorganisms include cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, starch, chitin, sugars, proteins, hydrocarbons, and various other compounds.33 Numerous hydrocarbons or derivatives are naturally synthesized within this system, while others are added from pollution sources. Mineralization and formation by indigenous microflora are important in the general carbon cycle.33 The three major types of microbial metabolism are fermentation, aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration.33,34 Aerobic respiration is most important in efficiently transforming PAHs; very little anaerobic respiration has been reported. However, anaerobic biodegradation of PAHs has been observed where suitable electron acceptors were supplied.31 Aerobic respiration initially involves incorporation of molecular oxygen in hydrocarbon molecules and conversion to more oxidized products. Energy produced during oxidation processes is partially used in the synthesis of cellular constituents.30
Serratia marcescens
Published in Yoshikatsu Murooka, Tadayuki Imanaka, Recombinant Microbes for Industrial and Agricultural Applications, 2020
Fermentative production depends on the application of microbial metabolism to the production of compounds useful for human life. Accordingly, for the development of efficient fermentative processes, it is important to modify microbial metabolism, including feedback control mechanisms, degradation pathways, branched pathways, energy-generating systems, and ammonia-assimilating systems, by genetic methods and by controlling culture conditions.
Microbial biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
Microbial metabolism is the process through which microorganisms obtain the energy and nutrients in order to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies, and microbes can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining their usefulness in industrial applications.
Soil biological characteristic, nutrient contents and stoichiometry as affected by different types of remediation in a smelter-impacted soil
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2020
Lei Xu, Xiangyu Xing, Hongbiao Cui, Jianbiao Peng, Jingfeng Bai, Xuebo Zheng
Several studies have examined the ecological stoichiometry of soil extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) [15–17]. EEA links environmental nutrient availability with microbial production. For this reason, large-scale EEA patterns may help identify the ways in which microbial biomass stoichiometry and enzyme relationships constrain soil organic matter (SOM) composition. The most frequently assayed soil enzymes include β-1,4-glucosidase (BG; catalyses the terminal reaction in cellulose degradation), β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG; catalyses the terminal reaction in chitin degradation) and acid phosphatase (AP; hydrolyses phosphomonoesters, phosphodiesters, and certain phosphosaccharides which release phosphate). The activities of these enzymes may be linked to the rates of microbial metabolism and biogeochemical processes [18]. The soil BG, NAG and AP ratios may indicate soil C, N, and P distributions [19]. Enzyme activity C:N:P may be influenced by vegetation, soil properties, and human activity [20]. Therefore, plant, microbe, enzyme, and soil stoichiometries may be interconnected [21]. Previous studies have mainly focused on global [22], catchment [23], and plant species stoichiometries [24]. In contrast, the relationships among soil enzyme stoichiometry, climate, and soil pH have seldom been examined.
An approach to models for the design of upflow anaerobic filters
Published in Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, 2021
A. M. Márquez R., J. I. Maldonado M., E. Guevara P., D. J. Rey L., S. A. Pérez P.
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, wastewater biological treatment systems have changed their physical configuration to favor the cell synthesis of substrates and the growth of microorganisms as well as, to increase effectiveness and reduce the costs of wastewater treatment in the construction, operation, and maintenance stages. Microbial metabolism and growth media types have determined categories for the wastewater biological treatment systems according to three metabolic processes comprising aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic, as well as two types of biological growth media consisting of suspended-growth and attached-growth.