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Role of Endophytes in Crop Improvement
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Bicky Jerin Joseph, A. R. Nayana, E. K. Radhakrishnan
Having more information about the effect of endophytic microbiome on plant growth and development, the next phase is to make use of these microbes as potential consortia for field application. Under varying environmental conditions microbial consortia may perform more effectively than monocultures due to the several features of these organisms (Bell et al., 2005). Consortia preparation requires high compatibility between the microbes used and the environment to which it is applied (Kaminsky et al., 2019). Several studies indicate that the use of endophytes together with PGPR has an effective role in plant growth. In one of the previous investigations, the root endophytic fungus P. indica and the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (fluorescent Pseudomonads) formulated with inorganic carrier-based (vermiculite and talcum powder) formulations was shown to have a positive result on the growth of Vigna mungo (Kumar et al., 2011). In another study two fluorescent Pseudomonads together with endophytic P. indica were used for the development of vermiculite- and talcum-based bioinoculant formulations for yield increase and also for the effective control of Fusarium wilt of tomato plants. Here, talcum-based bioinoculant performed more effectively than vermiculite-based formulations (Sarma et al., 2011).
Literature review
Published in Luis Carlos Reyes-Alvarado, Optimization of the electron donor supply to sulphate reducing bioreactors treating inorganic wastewater, 2018
Several branches of biotechnology use bioreactors, such as biofuel production (Ozmihci and Kargi, 2008), food industries (Genari et al., 2003), production of pharmaceutical compounds (John et al., 2007) and environmental technologies (Show et al., 2011). Anaerobic wastewater treatment systems use mixed microbial consortia, which is somewhat different compared to other biotechnological process where isolation or/and sterilization is required (Goršek and Tramšek, 2008). Setting different steps of a process in one stage can make the process more attractive, in terms of process intensification. Therefore, the use of flocs, granules and biofilms is of great interest in biotechnology. This is possible by facilitating solid-liquid separation, and these coupled to the reactor configuration, make the separation of the three active phases (liquid-gas-solid) and downstream processing feasible. Granules and biofilms are easier to separate compared to other systems, and the use of settlers it is not necessary. Additionally, the surface area inside the reactor is increased; therefore, a large volume of diluted water can be treated.
Methods for Analyzing Floc Properties
Published in Ian G. Droppo, Gary G. Leppard, Steven N. Liss, Timothy G. Milligan, FLOCCULATION in NATURAL and ENGINEERED ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, 2004
Ian G. Droppo, Gary G. Leppard, Steven N. Liss, Timothy G. Milligan
This highly evolved case study shows for biofilms what is almost certainly to be evidenced soon for flocs. The matrix material (EPS) binds a chemical of environmental interest, leading to bioaccumulation followed by metabolically directed degradation of the chemical. The microbial consortia develop distinct spatial relationships to promote cooperative interactions among diverse members of the microbial community, in relation to what they sense as either food or toxicant. The biological activity restructures the overall architecture to improve adaptation to stimuli coming from the bulk water. Some of the restructuring consists of the secretion of specific EPS molecules which facilitate the interactions between microbes and an incoming chemical. Given the similarities between biofilm and floc architecture (and the ability of their constituent microbes to adjust that architecture to gain ecological advantage), improved technology should soon permit the kinds of biofilm research done by Wolfaardt et al. 87–90 to be done also on flocs.
Application of “oil-phase” microbes to enhance oil recovery in extra heavy oil reservoir with high water-cut: A proof-of-concept study
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Li-Hui Hao, Chang-Qiao Chi, Na Luo, Yong Nie, Yue-Qin Tang, Xiao-Lei Wu
Basically, sources of microorganisms used for MEOR are categorized into indigenous and exogenous microorganism (Mahmoud et al. 2021). During the MEOR operation, indigenous microorganisms can remain metabolically active better in the reservoir permeable zones, which is their native environment (Castorena-Cortés et al. 2012). Therefore, indigenous microorganisms are highly desirable choice in the process of field application (Cui et al. 2017; Thanachai et al. 2019). However, MEOR methods typically utilize indigenous microorganisms that are isolated from oil production water, to test their oil recovery efficiency in bench-scale experiments (Rabiei et al. 2013; Xu et al. 2019). In recent years, some studies have found that microbes metabolically active in minuscule water droplets entrapped in oil phase, despite the widely believed that crude oil is a harsh habitat for microbes because of its highly toxic and hydrophobic (Meckenstock et al. 2014; Pannekens et al. 2020). Moreover, some gene analysis comparing between oil and water phases revealed that the oil phase contained a higher number of microbial taxa, and exhibited high abundance of genes involved in oil degradation and production of secondary metabolites (Cai et al. 2015; Liang et al. 2018). This indicated that the microbes in oil phase might possess a great potential as seedbanks for effective treatment of oil using MEOR and other oil cleaning up. However, the validity of these observations remains to be fully established. In addition, it remains unknown whether “oil-phase” microbes can be applied to recover heavy oil. A key step in heavy oil recovery is reducing its viscosity and improving its fluidity (Sun et al. 2017). Many studies demonstrated that a microbial consortium has higher EOR efficiency than one kind of microorganism, as single microbe may not utilize a wide range of complex compounds and secrete multiple metabolic products (Guerra et al. 2018). Generally speaking, microbial consortia exhibit significant advantages over single bacterial species, including division of labor, spatial organization, and robustness to perturbations (McCarty and Ledesma-Amaro 2019). Therefore, construct an efficient microbial consortium to degrade complicated heavy oil is essential for MEOR, while studies on the mixture of “oil-phase” microbes were paid little attention.