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Enzymes for Prodrug-Activation in Cancer Therapy
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2020
Until December 2015, more than 200 protocols related to adoptive T cell therapy (ATC) in human cancers were registered by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, and about 40% of these deal with the use of CAR T cells of which 65% are studied in trials for hematological malignancies which include relapsed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) (Park et al., 2016). The most commonly targeted antigen for treating these diseases with CAR-Ts is the B-lymphocyte antigen CD19. CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors is still in its early stages. Among the targeted biomarkers are mesothelin, a protein overexpressed in several cancers, or human epidermal growth factor receptor family members, overexpressed in several solid tumors (breast, ovarian, bladder, pancreatic, non-small-cell lung cancer, etc.). For reviews related to CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors, see Newick et al. (2017), Yong et al. (2017) or Almåsbak et al. (2016). More general reviews have been published, e.g., by Abate-Daga and Davila (2016) and Smith et al. (2016) and by the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health (2017).
MicroRNAs diagnostic and prognostic value as predictive markers for malignant mesothelioma
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2020
Elena Sturchio, Maria Grazia Berardinelli, Priscilla Boccia, Miriam Zanellato, Silvia Gioiosa
Thanks to preliminary studies by Weber and collaborators,57 not only the down-regulated miR-103a-3p has been identified as a promising candidate biomarker in the study of MM but, in a subsequent study by the same group,58 it was also shown that the joint measurement of circulating miR-103a-3p and plasma mesothelin improves the diagnostic performance to detect malignant mesothelioma. In fact, diagnostic studies that take into account only the serum mesothelin levels showed a too low sensitivity (58%). In contrast, the combination with miR-103a-3p improves the diagnostic performance to a much higher percentage both in terms of sensitivity (86%) and specificity (85%). The study, based on RT-qPCR data and conducted on 43 MM patients and 52 healthy but asbestos-exposed subjects, is in agreement with the conclusions already reported by Santarelli and colleagues in 2011.59 Results from this work have pointed out the importance of measuring combined plasma biomarkers belonging to different molecular classes in order to early diagnose malignant mesothelioma with a greater level of accuracy.