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Recent Advances of Nanotechnologies for Cancer Immunotherapy Treatment
Published in Loutfy H. Madkour, Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment, 2022
In phase II clinical trial of pembrolizumab, first-line therapy with pembrolizumab is systemically delivered at a dose of 2 mg/kg in 26 patients with advanced Merkel-cell carcinoma. It showed that the objective response rate was 56% (95% confidence interval [CI], 35–76) and the rate of progression-free survival at 6 months was 67% (95% CI, 49–86) [181]. Similar results about the metastases of various solid tumors were also published in clinical trials [172]. In the research, colorectal cancers with 12 different tumor types were treated with anti-PD-1 antibodies to evaluate clinical efficacy in patients. 53% of patients were observed with objective radiographic responses, and 21% of patients achieved complete responses. Moreover, in vivo functional analysis showed that increasing infiltration of neoantigen-specific T cells was found in tumors regardless of the cancer tissue origination.
Global Burden and Aspects of Occupational Cancer
Published in Thomas P. Fuller, Global Occupational Safety and Health Management Handbook, 2019
In the 14th NTP ROC published in 2016, there are 62 agents listed as known human carcinogens and 186 listed as reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogen. In the latest listing, there are six new agents known to be human carcinogens: Epstein–Barr virusHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirusMerkel cell polyomavirusTrichloroethylene
Whole Body Vibration, Cognition, and the Brain
Published in Redha Taiar, Christiano Bittencourt Machado, Xavier Chiementin, Mario Bernardo-Filho, Whole Body Vibrations, 2019
Eddy A. van der Zee, Marelle Heesterbeek, Oliver Tucha, Anselm B. M. Fuermaier, Marieke J. G. van Heuvelen
The skin contains many specialized mechanoreceptors that subserve “touch” sensations contributing to proprioception and motor control. Mechanoreceptors located in various layers of the skin are excited by indentation of the skin by their preferred stimulus (for example vibrations, stretching of the skin or brushing). This is followed by transferring the information to the brain via the spinal cord reaching the thalamus. From there, the information is conveyed to the sensory areas of the neocortex and other areas in the basal forebrain, cerebellum and brainstem. The four types present in the glabrous skin are the Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel cell-neurite complexes and Ruffini endings. Most likely all these types of cutaneous mechanoreceptors respond to WBV in their own way. Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles are fast-adapting types, mainly responding at the start and the end of the skin indentation. Both respond strongly to vibratory stimuli, but the Pacinian corpuscles respond predominantly to vibration frequencies exceeding 400 Hz (but also detect vibrations starting from 150 Hz). In contrast, Meissner corpuscles are sensitive to much lower frequencies, especially those of 20–40 Hz (Roudat et al., 2012 and references therein). The Merkel cell-neurite complexes and Ruffini endings are slow-adapting types, responding for a longer duration to a continuous skin indentation. These mechanoreceptors mainly respond to stretching of the skin or brushing.
An automated hybrid attention based deep convolutional capsule with weighted autoencoder approach for skin cancer classification
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
The form of unbalanced cell growth can be categorized into either benign or malignant tumour stages [6]. The benign type tumours are generally considered moles that are not dangerous, whereas malignant tumours are treated as severe cancer that highly threatens human life [7,8]. The other tissues can get damaged because of malignant tumours, and the skin layer comprises three cell types, including basal cells, melanocytes and squamous cells. These cells are accountable for leading the tissues to become cancerous, and the most severe forms of cancer are Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) [9,10]. The foremost symptoms of skin cancer are a huge brownish spot, a flat-flesh coloured lesion, a red nodule, crusted surface, itches or burns, dark lesions, a waxy bump and a bleeding sore that cures and then returns.
Nanobodies targeting the interaction interface of programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1)
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2020
Biyan Wen, Lin Zhao, Yuchu Wang, Chuangnan Qiu, Zhimin Xu, Kunling Huang, He Zhu, Zemin Li, Huangjin Li
PD-1 and PD-L1, as immunosuppressive molecules, are targets for the development of anticancer drugs. In recent years, five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting PD-1/PD-L1 have been approved. Two of these antibodies are PD-1 inhibitors (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and three of the antibodies are PD-L1 inhibitors (atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab). These mAbs have been used for the treatment of advanced melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma, metastatic gastric cancer, head and neck squamous carcinoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma and bladder cancer. However, these monoclonal antibodies do not fully diffuse across the tumor tissue or the immune microenvironment and fail to efficiently bind to their corresponding targets in vivo, leading to low clinical response rates.[11–13] In addition, mAbs have complex structures and large molecular weights that require production in mammalian cells with high costs and large clinical doses, significantly increasing patient costs.[14,15]
Recent advances in neuromorphic transistors for artificial perception applications
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2023
Merkel cells are cutaneous mechanosensitive cells that form synapses with afferent neurons. These complexes are referred to as Merkel cell-neurite complexes (MCNCs) [109]. Inspired by the structure and intelligent functions of Merkel cell-neurite complexes, Lee et al. [87] reported a flexible, intrinsic-synaptic tactile sensory organ (AiS-TSO) that could mimic synapse-like connections using an organic synaptic transistor. Barium titanate nanoparticles and poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) nanocomposite act as ferroelectric gate dielectric, as schematically shown in Figure 15(a). Figure 15(b) shows the device structure corresponding to a Merkel cell and MCNCs structure. Touch stimulation induces alignment of dipoles within the ferroelectric gate dielectric by triboelectric-capacitive coupling effect that causes the modulation of post-synaptic current signal, thereby allowing tactile information to be imparted in a self-energy transducer manner. Moreover, through multiple functions of slowly adapting, filtering and memory, the synaptic function enables the output signal to be pre-processed. Besides, it was demonstrated that the AiS-TSO device has adaptation, filtering, and memory functions and shows parallel spatiotemporal reception and preprocessing of tactile information (Figure 15(c)). With the modulation of composition of the nanocomposite ferroelectric layer, it is also possible to tune the synaptic weight of the Ais-TSO. Furthermore, a 2 × 2 sensor array is proposed with the function of recognizing the number and order of touch without additional signal processing after all stimuli ceased. Figure 13(c) shows the reception and preprocessing with the expected order (2→1→4→ and 4→3→2).