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Phyto constituent-Centered Byproducts and Nanomedicines as Leishmanicidal Scavengers
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Sabya Sachi Das, P. R. P. Verma, Sandeep Kumar Singh
The drugs comprising antimony (pentavalent antimonials) as a principal component are primarily the drugs of choice as anti-leishmanial drugs (ALD) for first line cure of Leishmaniasis where confrontation has not been stated (Singh et al., 2006). These comprise of the generic sodium stibogluconate (pentostam, Figure 5.3), the branded meglumine antimoniate, which is been in practice for over five decades. Unfortunately, the Leishmania protozoal parasites have been progressively developed the resistance to these pentavalent antimonial drugs and hence this raised a question for their usage in disease-endemic extents (Maltezou, 2010). Since, these antimonials are directed intravenously (I.V) or intramuscularly (I.M), they are not suitable for patients. They are also concomitant with adverse reactions, which include biochemical pancreatitis, elevation in serum aminotransferases level, and electro-cardiographic oddities (Polonio and Efferth, 2010).
Polyelectrolytic gelatin nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for the promastigote form of Leishmania amazonensis treatment
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Catarina de Souza, Janicy A. Carvalho, Alexandro S. Abreu, Lucas P. de Paiva, Jéssica A. R. Ambrósio, Milton Beltrame Junior, Marco A. de Oliveira, Josane Mittmann, Andreza R. Simioni
Sousa-Batista et al. (2019) describe the fabrication of polycaprolactone antimony nanoparticles as drug delivery system for Leishmaniasis [22]. The results demonstrated the potential use of these nanoparticles to improve the efficacy of meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, indicating their potential as an alternative therapeutic strategy for leishmaniasis infections.
Structural manifestations and biological screening for newly synthesized heteroleptic bismuth(V) bis-carboxylates
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Sohaila Andleeb, Muhammad Khawar Rauf, Ihsan- Ul-Haq, Desmond Schipper
Bismuth compounds are unique in the biological research domain owing to their remarkably low toxicity [1–3]. For quite a long time, compounds of bismuth have been utilized for treatment of syphilis, gastritis, diarrhea and colitis [4]. They are also known for their antibacterial and antiparasitic properties [5–8]. Bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) has been used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and is sold under the trademark names Pepto-bismol and Bismatrol [7,9]. Most of these formulations are based on bismuth carboxylates and derived from salicylic acid, citric acid and gallic acid, and this provides the basic motivation for growing interest in synthetic and biological chemistry of bismuth carboxylates. Owing to the recent development of organobismuth chemistry, less has been explored so far and much of its potential, including the mechanism of action of bismuth-based drugs, is still under investigation [10–14]. In addition to bismuth complexes as effective antimicrobial agents, especially against Helicobacter pylori, they are also considered as better alternatives to antimony compounds in terms of toxicity, especially for the treatment of leishmaniasis [1]. Sodium stibogluconate as well as meglumine antimonate are frontline available drugs for treatment of leishmaniasis as these drugs are not only cost effective but also provide a very good cure rate [15]. Besides various advantages, a serious drawback associated with these drugs is the toxicity load exerted on the body by these drugs due to intracellular conversion of Sb(V) to Sb(III) and its biodistribution. The higher solubility of such compounds in water causes them to be ineffective when taken orally so intramuscular injection is the only option available for getting them into the human body, which usually leads to poor compliance. The bismuth complexes not only have the advantage of reduced toxicity but also retain high activity against these parasites [1,2,16]. The biological actions of bismuth containing compounds are mostly dependent on the ligand used as well as the coordination geometry of the complexes [7,17–20].