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Dacryodes edulis
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
R. O. Omosimua, B. D. Macham, A. Onanuga, B. T. Thomas, C. O. Ugbomor, G. Iyappan, S. Ramalingam, A. S. Afolabi, Sunday Asuquo Thomas
The isolated flavonoids were tested for their possible anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities against Escherichia coli American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 2592, Pseudomonas aeruginosa American type culture collection (ATCC) 27853, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 29906, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29923, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The bacterial organisms were grown on nutrient broth at 37°C for 24 hours, while the fungus, Candida albicans, was grown in a Sabouroud dextrose liquid medium (Oxoid, England) at 25°C for 48 hours. A bacterial suspension with a turbidity equivalent to 0.5 McFarland standards was prepared (Bauer et al. 1966). The in vitro anti-microbial screening was carried out using Mueller-Hinton Agar (Oxoid, England) for the bacteria and Sabouroud dextrose agar for the fungi using the agar well diffusion method as described by Perez et al. (1990). Plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours for the bacteria, and the fungi were incubated at 25°C for 48 hours. The standard drugs used were Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol against the bacterial organisms, while Nystatin was used against the fungus. At the end of the incubation period, the inhibition zones were measured in millimeters (mm). These studies were carried out in triplicate.
Antibacterial Activity of Hyperbranched Poly(Acrylic Acid-Co-3-Hydroxypropionate) Hydrogels
Published in Omari V. Mukbaniani, Tamara N. Tatrishvili, Marc J. M. Abadie, Science and Technology of Polymers and Advanced Materials, 2019
For disc diffusion method, discs were prepared according to the methods described by Kirby-Bauer with slight modification. To prepare the discs, 100 microgram polymer was loaded in 10 mm round punch mold and pressed by hand stamp maker press machine. Bacterial suspension turbidity 0.5 McFarland standard was prepared in sterile ringer solution. Freshly prepared 100 µl ringer solution with bacteria (approximately 108) was placed over the agar and dispersed. Then, 10 mm diameter 100 microgram polymer discs were placed on MHA plates and incubated for 24 h, at 37°C. [24]. All the assays were performed in triplicate.
Effects of solar drying operation equipped with a finned and double-pass heat collector on energy utilization, essential oil extraction and bio-active compounds of peppermint (Mentha Piperita L.)
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Mohsen Mokhtarian, Ahmad Kalbasi-Ashtari, Hong-Wei Xiao
Pathogenic gram-positive bacterium of Staphylococcus aureus (PTCC 1112) or (Sa) inoculated into Muller Hinton broth (MHB) and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h after its supplementation with 5% defibrinated sheep blood (prepared blood agar plate). If the microbial suspension had turbidity more than 1 grade of McFarland turbidity standards, it was diluted with MHB to match its turbidity with this grade. The turbidity level of 0.5 McFarland standards is equivalent to approximately 1.5 × 106 CFU/ml.[3] The Kirby Bauer method (disk diffusion method) is used to evaluate the zone of inhibition. First, 0.1 ml of adjusted (standard) inoculums broth (∼6 log CUF/ml) inoculated into Muller Hinton agar (MHA) medium and cultured as pure plate by using a sterilized spreader tool. Then various concentration of EOs (0.9 to 900 mg/ml) was prepared by DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) solvent, and each concentration of EOs was added to each control disk (CD) by sterile pipettor (20 μl/6 mm CD).
Insights of ethyl acetate fraction from Vassobia breviflora in multidrug-resistant bacteria and cancer cells: from biological to therapeutic
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Altevir Rossato Viana, Nathieli Bianchin Bottari, Daniel Santos, Marissa Bolson Serafin, Bruna Garlet Rossato, Rafael Noal Moresco, Katianne Wolf, Aline Ourique, Rosmari Hörner, Érico Marlon de Moraes Flores, Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger, Bruno Stefanello Vizzotto, Luciana Maria Fontanari Krause
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and concentration bactericidal minimal (CBM) following the document M7-A9 of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2015, and Brazilian Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (BrCAST) (NCCLS 1999). The bacterial inoculum was prepared in sterile saline solution, using the method of direct suspension of colonies from 24 hr growth cultures. The reference for bacterial suspension turbidity was the 0.5 McFarland standard. Briefly, 96-well microplates containing 100 µl Muller-Hinton broth, wells to control bacterial inoculum growth (culture medium + inoculum), sterility control of the culture medium (culture medium only), and V. breviflora extract (16–512 µg/ml). The plates were incubated at 35 ± 2°C for 24 hr. After the incubation period, the MIC determination was performed by visual reading after adding 20 µl of the compound 2,3,5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC, 2.5 mg/ml) to all wells of the plate and incubating for 4 hr. After the analysis of the plates, the MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of the compound capable of inhibiting the visible growth of the microorganism. For CBM analysis, in short, after visually reading the MIC, approximately 10 μl of the content of the wells where there was no visible bacterial growth and the last well used as a positive control were removed using a calibrated platinum loop sterile. This volume was seeded in Petri dishes containing Mueller-Hinton agar, which were incubated in a bacteriological oven at 35 ± 2°C for 24/48 hr. After incubation, the CBM concentration was determined as the lowest concentration at which there was no colony growth in the subculture.
Combined use of earthworm (Alma millsoni) and bacterium (Bacillus sp.) improved the bioremediation of spent engine oil contaminated soil
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2018
Akindele Oluwatosin Adeyi, Lotanna Micah Nneji, Esther Olubisi Adeyi, Oluwatobi T. Somade, Babatunde Kazeem Agbaogun
Colonies of the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterium (Bacillus sp.) were picked from the agar slants, and then suspended in 5 mL nutrient broth inside sterile bijou bottles, and incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The standard cell suspensions of the test bacteria were prepared in a sterile nutrient broth by transferring a portion of the 24-h culture with an inoculating loop to the suspending medium (5 mL of nutrient broth), then the culture was incubated for 3 h at 37°C. To check for bacterial growth, the bacterial suspension was compared with the McFarland standard by holding it against McFarland standard in front of light. Turbidity indicates bacterial growth.