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Biofilms-Associated Infections
Published in Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Abdul, Microbial Biofilms, 2020
Nor Fadhilah Kamaruzzaman, Tan Li Peng, Ruhil Hayati Hamdan
Persistency of the disease in an animal is believed to be due to several factors. This includes continues development of antimicrobial resistance causing the pathogen to be non-responsive to the antibiotic therapy (Beuron et al. 2014). Additionally, the ability of S. aureus to invade and survive within the bovine mammary epithelial cells can cause it to escape the antibiotic therapy, as due to their physicochemical properties, not all antibiotics are able to cross the mammalian cells to exert its activities (Kamaruzzaman et al. 2017). Additionally, the ability of the infecting pathogens to form biofilms on the surface of the mammary udders are other factors that cause ineffectivity of the antibiotics to completely kill the bacteria during the treatment (Henriques, Gomes, and Jos 2016; Fox, Zadoks, and Gaskins 2005; Bardiau et al. 2013). It is well known that bacteria susceptibility toward antimicrobials is reduced when in the form of biofilms. Surprisingly, it was reported that the antibiotic which is commonly used for the mastitis treatment, enrofloxacin has been shown to promote biofilms formation of E. coli (Costa et al. 2012). Biofilms formation has also been influenced by milk components and the acidic pH of the environment. This is particularly important as the antibiotics commonly used for mastitis treatment are acidic antibiotics (Costa et al. 2012). Thus, all these evidence directed the role of biofilms to cause persistent mastitis infections in animals.
Biosensor Application for Bovine Mastitis Diagnosis
Published in Kirill Poletkin, Laurent A. Francis, Magnetic Sensors and Devices, 2017
Carla M. Duarte, Susana Cardoso, Paulo P. Freitas
Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland, most often of infectious origin. It is the most frequent disease of dairy cattle and one of the main reasons for culling dairy cows (Grohn et al., 1998; Hortet & Seegers, 1998; Hovi & Roderick, 1999). Bovine mastitis is also an economic burden on farmers because of decreased milk yields, cost of veterinary treatments, and other factors (Korhonen & Kaartinen, 1995). Dairy farm management focusing on animal health and hygiene improvement program implementation contributes to control mastitis. The timely identification of causative microorganisms is necessary to control the disease, reduce the risk of chronic infections, and target the antimicrobial therapy to be used. Also, several studies have shown that the early detection of mastitis may increase the cure rate by 60% and reduce the time required to recover normal milk production when combined with appropriate antimicrobial therapy (Milner et al., 1997). The rapid identification of pathogens such as Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. and among these, the discrimination of major contagious pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis (Bradley, 2002; Zadoks et al., 2011), will therefore contribute to decreasing the economic burden of bovine mastitis. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, as Staphylococcus epidermidis, are considered minor mastitis pathogens, but they are the most common agents isolated from milk samples in several large-scale surveys worldwide (Tenhagen et al., 2006).
Detection of Food, Agricultural and Aquatic Contaminants
Published in Richard O’Kennedy, Caroline Murphy, Immunoassays, 2017
Marie Le Berre, Caroline Viguier, Caroline Murphy, Niamh Gilmartinb
For instance, bovine mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland in cows, is a burden for the dairy industry worldwide as it lowers milk yield, reduces milk quality and increases production costs. Economically, bovine mastitis costs around US$2 billion every year to the dairy industry in the United States alone and has been identified as one of the most economically relevant diseases in Ireland by Animal Health Ireland [33, 45]. There is an increased interest in using biomarkers present in milk for mastitis detection. Immunoassays are now available to detect such inflammation-related markers at the different stages of mastitis. For instance, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin are hepatically produced, but they can also be found in the udder of the animal [46, 47]. Both haptoglobin and serum amyloid A have antibacterial functions and thus could be used for the detection of infected animals [48]. Haptoglobin concentrations were reported to increase significantly in plasma and in milk during mastitis and, thus, it could be a possible marker for diagnosis [49]. An assay developed by Hiss had a detection limit of 0.07 mg mL−1 in both milk and serum [46], while with the commercially available solid phase-sandwich ELISA (Tridelta Phase TM range serum amyloid A kit, Tridelta Development Ltd, Co. Wicklow, Ireland), Szczubial and his coworkers [50] could detect concentrations of serum amyloid A of up to 322.26 mg mL−1 in mastitis milk compared with normal levels of 11.67 mg mL−1.
Ozone Applications in Milk and Meat Industry
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2022
Anandu Chandra Khanashyam, M. Anjaly Shanker, Anjineyulu Kothakota, Naveen Kumar Mahanti, R. Pandiselvam
Dairy industry is one of the most rapidly developing industries in both large and small scale. Ozone is used in the dairy industry for a verity of purposes such as surface decontamination, remove soil from processing surfaces, to ensure microbial safety etc. Heacox (2014) recently filed a patent for the method in which ozone at low concentrations (0.04–1.2 ppm) was used to disinfect dairy equipment and other infrastructure. As the dairy industry usually employs a hot water and chemical wash for this purpose, the above method decreased the chemical usage and almost completely eliminated the hot water cost on cleaning in dairy industry. Ozone was also used in dairy farms to treat bovine mastitis, with 60% recovery on infected cows without antibiotic administration (Ogata and Nagahata 2000). Ozone can also be used as a pre-treatment of fluid milk before pasteurization to maintain its shelf life (Varga; and Szigeti 2016). In this section, we focus on the application of ozone on ensuring microbial safety in the dairy industry (Table 1).
Enhanced production of recombinant Staphylococcus simulans lysostaphin using medium engineering
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2019
Zeynep Efsun Duman, Aişe Ünlü, Mehmet Mervan Çakar, Hayriye Ünal, Barış Binay
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the major causes for nosocomial and community-acquired infections that are associated with a number of diseases including endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, toxic-shock syndrome, food poisoning, and various skin infections such as folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, abscess, and mastitis.[1–5] The treatment of these infections becomes increasingly challenging as there is a significant increase in the emergence of multi-drug resistance among S. aureus. Therefore, it is important to develop a novel anti-staphylococcal agent in order to eradicate antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infections.[6,7] One of the most promising methods to treat staphylococcal infections is the use of lysostaphin thanks to its specificity to staphylococci.[7–10]
Use of infrared thermography to estimate enteric methane production in dairy heifers
Published in Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal, 2022
Alexandre M. Gabbi, Giovani J. Kolling, Vivian Fischer, Luiz Gustavo R. Pereira, Thierry R. Tomich, Fernanda S. Machado, Mariana M. Campos, Marcos V. G. Barbosa da Silva, Camila S. Cunha, Manoela K. R. Santos, Concepta M. McManus Pimentel
Infrared thermography (IRT), initially utilised as a diagnostic tool in human medicine, has generated interest in veterinary and animal sciences as a non-invasive method to diagnose illness or evaluate aspects in animal welfare such non-clinical mastitis, hoof lesions, pain, heat stress and predict feed efficiency [5]. Variations in the surface temperature patterns resulting from metabolism changes alter the amount of irradiated heat [6]. Methane emission represents a significant energy loss in ruminants and it depends on body weight, feeding level, feed intake together with energy digestibility and metabolizability of the feed [7]. IRT, which generates images from energy radiated by a body, can be used to predict methane production and emission as methanogenesis generates heat [8].