China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Cancer Diagnosis from Histopathology Images Using Deep Learning: A Review
Published in Ranjeet Kumar Rout, Saiyed Umer, Sabha Sheikh, Amrit Lal Sangal, Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Computational Biology, 2023
Vijaya Gajanan Buddhavarapu, J. Angel Arul Jothi
Breast Cancer Histopathological Image Classification (BreakHis)8 is one of the most popular datasets used for automated breast histopathology image analysis purposes [86]. It consists of over 9,000 images of breast tumor tissues from over 80 patients. All images are of 700×460 pixels, 3-channel RGB, 8-bit depth in each channel and PNG format. The images are divided into groups based on magnification (40×, 100×, 200×, 400×) and class (benign or malignant) as shown in Table 9.2. The tissue samples are H & E stained. The types of benign tumors considered are adenosis (A), fibroadenoma (F), phyllodes tumor (PT) and tubular adenona (TA). The types of malignant tumors considered are carcinoma (DC), lobular carcinoma (LC), mucinous carcinoma (MC) and papillary carcinoma (PC).
Smart Functionalised-Dendrimeric Medicine in Cancer Therapy
Published in Neelesh Kumar Mehra, Keerti Jain, Dendrimers in Nanomedicine, 2021
Vijay Mishra, Manvendra Singh, Pallavi Nayak
Cancer is the uncontrolled development of abnormal cells with a faster rate as compared to normal cells. Such abnormal cells damage the healthy tissues of the body and promote the expansion of cancer (Figure 13.2). According to the prevalent cancer hypothesis, normal cells transform to cancerous cells via irregular structural, molecular and biochemical networking (Rajani et al. 2020). The group of cancerous cells forming an abnormal mass of tissues is considered as ‘solid tumour’, while the abnormal cells that do not form any mass of tissue are ‘leukaemia’ or blood cancer. Depending on their cell type, tumours are classified as malignant and benign tumours. A malignant tumour is a cancerous tumour, which can invade its surrounding tissues and spread all over the body. A new tumour forms, when a malignant tumour separated out from the parent tumour and passes through the lymphatic system (or blood) from their main site to another site. The benign tumour is a non-cancerous tumour, which does not grow and spread like malignant tumours. If the infected cells exert pressure on the vital organs, the benign tumour can become more harmful. Gene mutation caused by heritage or non-heritage factors is responsible for the growth and proliferation of anomalous cells (Rajani et al. 2020).
Environmental Ionizing Radiation
Published in Lorris G. Cockerham, Barbara S. Shane, Basic Environmental Toxicology, 2019
Lorris G. Cockerham, Michael B. Cockerham
Radiation therapy has been used almost exclusively for the treatment of malignant neoplasms. The high absorbed dose, 50 to 70 Gy, required in most malignant conditions leads to nonstochastic or direct effects such as cell death. Therefore, normal tissue surrounding the neoplasm may also be exposed and incur long range risk. The risk, however, may be eclipsed by the immediate benefits associated with increased life expectancy resulting from the destruction of the neoplasm.
Does garlic ameliorates histological alterations of induced mucositis in Albino rats subjected to gamma radiation?
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2020
Reham M. Amin, Randa H. Mokhtar, Nabil A. El-Faramawy
Gamma rays are form of electromagnetic radiation which has the highest frequency and the shortest wavelength within the electromagnetic spectrum. These rays consist of high energy photons with energies above about 100 keV. Due to their high energy content, gamma rays can cause serious damage when absorbed by living cells (1). Radiation therapy for malignant tumors of the head and neck is widely accepted as an efficient mode of treatment, when used alone or in combination with surgery and/or chemotherapy. Unfortunately, radiation injury is not limited to tumor cells but it also affects to varying degrees all cells in the beam field (2). Radiation hazards present enormous challenges for biological and medical safety due to free radical generation (3).
Gold nanoparticles: a novel paradigm for targeted drug delivery
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2023
Kamalavarshini S, Ranjani S, Hemalatha S
Cancer/malignancy is defined as uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells that grow and divide and leads to damage of normal body tissues. There are more than 100 cancer types known till date. A tumor that begins as formation of cell mass can either be benign or cancerous. Benign tumors don’t spread or metastasis thus they are less life threatening then malignant ones. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, hormonal therapy, and palliative therapy are the conventional treatments given based on the type and stage of the cancer. New and improvised therapeutic methods are needed to be developed and incorporated in treatment procedures for overcoming the drawbacks encountered by employing traditional practices .in the ongoing era of personalized cancer medication, nanomaterials engineered through Nanotechnological principles act as single platform mode for providing combined multiple therapeutic tasks. Nano medical applications have led to the incredible unfolding of new domains and enabling improvements in diagnosis, monitoring, prevention, and treatment of diseases. Various types of nanoparticles are used for cancer diagnosis, imaging, delivery, and treatments. The key discovery done by Matsumura and Maeda which disclosed that nanoparticles were able to get accumulated in tumor sites led to the increased interest of maneuvering nanoparticles for future cancer cure. Currently, there are few FDA approved Nano medicines in the market while there are several Nano-based formulations under clinical trials (Table 2). possibility of drug delivery to the malignant site, capability of binding large amounts of chemotherapeutic drug molecules are visible while utilizing Nanoformulations for cancer treatments, Nanocarriers overcome solubility and stability issues and also overcome drug resistance. Their ability to cross the blood brain barrier, prolonged drug residence time and preferred drug release pattern enables them as a potential treatment applicant. The characteristics physio pathological nature of the tumor vessels are exploited for passive targeting. Surface modified stealth Nanocarriers systems (example-Genexol-PM) are made use for this particular targeting.[40] In active targeting biomarkers present on to the tumor surfaces are directly targeted or the essential developmental processes in tumor cells are exploited in this approach. Direct targeting of folate receptor-positive cells was made possible by using conjugated PEG-coated GNP with folic acid molecule. Multidrug resistance is overcome by designing nanoparticle-conjugated drug molecules as they able to bypass the P-glycoprotein transporters in cancer cells and gain access into the tumor cells, thereby increasing anticancer drug’s intracellular concentrations. P-gp targeting si-RNA conjugated with polymeric nanoparticles are engineered for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs and gene silencing to overcome MDR.[41]