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Usage of Additive Manufacturing in Customised Bone Tissue-Engineering Scaffold
Published in Harish Kumar Banga, Rajesh Kumar, Parveen Kalra, Rajendra M. Belokar, Additive Manufacturing with Medical Applications, 2023
As the stroma is laid down, vascular invasion occurs along with osteoid formation and subsequent mineralisation. Additional involvement of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and RANKL is observed at this stage. The final stage of bone healing is marked by conversion of woven bone and cartilage to trabecular bone which subsequently undergoes remodelling. IL-6 and -1, RANKL and M-CSF are involved at the bone remodelling stage. It is important to have knowledge of biomolecules involved at each stage of bone regeneration in order to devise delivery mechanisms to effect the same. GFs expressed by one cell lineage (e.g. osteoblasts) can critically influence the behaviour of others (e.g. osteoclasts). A prime example here would be that of VEGF which is expressed by osteoblasts and influences osteoclast function (Abou-Khalil et al., 2014; Detsch & Boccaccini, 2015; Lauzon, Bergeron, Marcos & Faucheux, 2012; Sfeir, Ho, Doll, Azari & Hollinger, 2005; Tanaka, Nakayamada & Okada, 2005).
Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery in Regenerative Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Zahra Mohammadpour, Seyed Morteza Naghib
Graphene has also been used as a vaccine delivery platform to activate antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs). Sinha et al. functionalised graphene with dextran and used it as an ovalbumin carrier to activate cytotoxic T cells (Sinha et al. 2017). Increased colloidal stability and cell internalisation of the nanocomposite was ascribed to the dextran. At the same time, the high loading of ovalbumin on the surface of the nanocomposite was related to the large specific surface area of GO and its hydrophobic basal plane. Based on the in vivo experiments, they observed that the production of cytotoxic T cells was induced by ovalbumin-loaded graphene nanocomposite, which subsequently resulted in the prevention of tumour growth. Therefore, they proposed the delivery system potentially as a cancer vaccine. The same research group also developed a 3D alginate scaffold into which graphene was embedded (Sinha et al. 2019). They loaded it with ovalbumin, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and CpG. They offered the system to be promising in cancer vaccination.
Molecular Mechanisms for Statin Pleiotropy and Possible Clinical Relevance in Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2020
Brian Yu, Nikola Sladojevic, James K. Liao
Atherosclerosis is characterized by chronic inflammation and stepwise recruitment of immune cells. In the early phase of atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia conditions increase LDL infiltration into the intima, mediated by apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100). LDL particles retained in the intima are prone to oxidation, resulting in modified phospholipids that initiate the innate immune response. The oxidized LDL particle (oxLDL) may further activate endothelial cell components, leading to expression of adhesion molecules such as intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on the endothelial surface. These adhesion molecules, in synergy with pro-inflammatory chemokines, attract monocytes, dendritic cells, and T cells to the intima. Monocytes are induced by macrophage colony-stimulating factor to differentiate into macrophages, a mechanism necessary for atherosclerotic progression. Macrophages in the intima scavenge oxLDL, transforming macrophages into the foam cells characteristic of atherosclerotic lesions. The T cells that are recruited and activated in atherosclerotic lesions further mediate lesion growth and disease pathogenesis. Finally, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), secreted by vascular SMCs and macrophages, may catalyze destruction of interstitial collagen, leading to plaque rupture. Therefore, both the innate and adaptive immune responses play important roles in atherosclerosis progression and acute coronary syndrome (Hansson and Hermansson, 2011). Statins inhibit almost every step in the above inflammatory cascade.
Can Origanum be a hope for cancer treatment? A review on the potential of Origanum species in preventing and treating cancers
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
The biological activity of Origanum vulgare essential oil was investigated in a study modelling a human skin cell disease. Oil-induced antiproliferative effects were found to inhibit several inflammatory biomarkers, including monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC), and monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG). Moreover, essential oil treatment inhibited macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), an immunomodulatory biomarker. The results indicated the anti-inflammatory, tissue remodeling, immunomodulatory, and anticancer activities of the above-mentioned essential oil. Based on these activities, the oil was offered as a candidate for use in skincare products (Han and Parker 2017).
Effect of phosphodiester composition in polyphosphoesters on the inhibition of osteoclastic differentiation of murine bone marrow mononuclear cells
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Sota Fukaura, Yasuhiko Iwasaki
1,5,7-Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) and used without purification. TRAP staining kit was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) and used following the manufacturer’s protocol. Cytoskeleton Inc. (Denver, CO, USA) supplied fluorescence-labeled phalloidin (Acti-StainTM 535). Recombinant macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and recombinant receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) were purchased from PeproTech, Inc. (Rocky Hill, NJ, USA). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Real-time PCR reagents and primers were obtained from Takara Bio (Otsu, Japan) and Life Technologies Japan Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Table S1 lists the primers used in this study. Other chemicals were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Co. (Osaka, Japan) as extra-pure grades and were used without further purification. Water was purified using a Merk Millipore Simplicity UV system, which involves UV irradiation, ion exchange, activated carbon adsorption, and filtration (18.2 MΩ cm).
In vitro anti-inflammatory potential of marine macromolecules cross-linked bio-composite scaffold on LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells for cartilage tissue engineering applications
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
A. S. Sumayya, G. Muraleedhara Kurup
Excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β has also been linked to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, septic shock, psoriasis, and cytotoxicity [69,70]. Previous studies have shown that chitosan activates macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1, IL-6, TNFα, nitric oxide and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor [71–73]. In spite of these reported stimulatory effects, there are some studies that have reported on anti-inflammatory effects of chitosan on macrophages. Chitosan oligosaccharides caused reduced TNFα and IL-6 production by LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages [74–76]. Also, the studies of Yoon et al. [76], Kim et al. [77], Nam et al. [78] and Xu et al. [79] suggest that chitosan and alginate have anti-inflammatory properties. Our results also showed that mRNA expressions of major proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were significantly upregulated in LPS treated group when compared to control. But, LPS + HACF treated group showed down-regulated expressions of these pro-inflammatory cytokines, confirming that HACF hydrogel scaffold reduces the expressions of inflammation related signals through the inhibition of NF-κB mediated inflammatory signaling pathway. The results are shown in the Figure 7.