China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Aptamers in Medical Diagnosis
Published in Rakesh N. Veedu, Aptamers, 2017
Veli Cengiz Ozalp, Murat Kavruk, Ozlem Dilek, Abdullah Tahir Bayrac
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women. The distant metastasis is the major cause of death. Accurate diagnosis of breast cancer cells is important for determining the stage of the disease and deciding on an appropriate therapy with a simple and rapid diagnosis. The lack of probes for accurate identification of tumor cells is the major reason behind the hindrance of early determination of metastasis. Human mucin-1 (MUC1) and folic acid (FA) are the most common markers to monitor the metastatic breast tumors. Elevated level of MUC1 has been considered to be an important indicator in the diagnosis of breast cancer. FA has been demonstrated to preferentially target cancer cells, because the folate receptor is frequently overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells [7]. A sensitive SPR biosensor using magnetic nanoparticle and a two-marker recognition system was developed using the MUC1 aptamer that can capture and signal the presence of breast cancer cells (MCF-7) in a sandwich assay [15]. The additional detection of folic acid receptor (FR) together with MUC1 can provide more accurate diagnostic information, and the treatment can maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity according to the tumor cell type.
Liposomal Nanomedicines
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Mansoor M Amiji, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2011
Liposomal antigens have been also used to enhance the mucosal immune response. Thus, the colonic/rectal IgA response to liposomal ferritin was significantly enhanced over the response to free antigen when cholera toxin was used as adjuvant.433 The protective efficiency of 30 kDa secretory protein of Mycobacteriun tuberculosis H37Ra against tuberculosis in mice was significantly enhanced by incorporating this protein into liposomes serving as adjuvant.434 Synthetic human MUC1 peptides, which are considered as candidates for therapeutic cancer vaccines were incorporated into liposomes or attached to the surface of liposomes and in both cases elicited strong antigen-specific T-response.435 Formaldehyde-inactivated ricin toxoid in liposomes was used for intra-pulmonary vaccination to create the protection against inhaled ricin with good results.436 Liposomal composition incorporating Antennapedia homeodomain fused to a poorly immunogenic CTL epitope increased the immunogenicity of the construct and improved immune response (activation of CD8+ T cells), evidently because of protection the antigen by liposomes.437 Cytokine-containing liposomes have been used as vaccine adjuvants.438
MOF-based Electrochemical Sensors for Protein Detection
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Tahir Rasheed, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Muhammad Bilal, Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Hybrid Materials for Environmental Sensing and Monitoring, 2022
Yang Liu, Juanhua Zhou, Shiyu Zhang, Hongye Wang
Cancer is one of the major diseases threatening human health in the world [53]. Tumor biomarkers are important for the early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cancer. Therefore, we present some recent work on MOF-based electrochemical sensors for tumor biomarkers detection here. Overexpression of MUC1, a kind of transmembrane mucin, is associated with a variety of cancers, such as lung, pancreatic, and breast cancer, and is often considered as an important tumor biomarker. Jiang et al. reported an ultrasensitive biosensor for detecting MUC1 on MCF-7 cancer cells based on Fe-MIL-101 loaded with the abundant ABEI as a luminophore [34]. Based on electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, the novel metal-organic framework, ABEI@Fe-MIL-101, co-reacting with dissolved oxygen could be utilized as a high-efficiency ECL indicator leading to a detection limit as low as 12 cells for MUC1 on MCF-7 cancer cells. Besides MUC1, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is also an important tumor biomarker, which is widely used to indicate early hepatocellular carcinoma [54]. To construct an electrochemiluminescent immunosensor for the detection of AFP, Wang et al. synthesized ultrathin Co/Ni-based MOF nanosheets with micro flower-like structures which were considered as a platform for luminol-functionalized Ag NPs [55]. Benefiting from its superior structure, the composite materials showed excellent catalytic and amplification performance such as resistance to particle agglomeration. Moreover, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is currently a recognized tumor biomarker for screening prostate cancer [56]. Dai et al. combined palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) with electroactive amino-zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (Pd/NH2-ZIF-67) to construct a novel redox mediator which could be used in the sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor [57]. Not only did Pd NPs have outstanding biocompatibility and good catalytic performance, but also the lamellar structure of ZIF-67 increased loading of Pd NPs and catalyzed H2O2 decomposition synergistically. The biosensor showed satisfactory selectivity, repeatability, and stability owing to the synergistic amplification of Pd NPs and ZIF-67. Apart from being used to build PSA biosensors, nanomaterials are also widely used in CEA biosensors. Thanks to the ability of MoS2 quantum dots (MQDs) to catalyze oxygen reactions and adsorption, Xin et al. compounded MoS2 MQDs with MOF-545-Zn to construct novel composite materials which can co-react with O2 to achieve high electrochemiluminescent responses [58]. In addition to electrochemiluminescent biosensors, Zhang et al. reported an ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical biosensor based on porous hollow carbon nano bubbles@ZnCdS multi-shelled dodecahedral cages (C@ZnCdSMSDCs) which had stunning photoelectrochemical performance owing to the synergistic effect between the porous shells and the carbon-layer coating [59]. Moreover, a Fe-MOF-based electrochemical aptasensor for CEA detection had been reported as well [60]. In order to improve biocompatibility and amplify the signal, Li et al. coordinated self-polymerized dopamine (DA)-decorated Au NPs and Fe-MOF resulting in great electrochemical performance.
Label-free sensitive detection of MUC1 using a liquid crystal based-system
Published in Liquid Crystals, 2020
Thai Duong Song Duong, Chang-Hyun Jang
MUC1 is a type I transmembrane protein primarily made up of 20-amino acid tandem repeats, and a cytoplasmic tail of 69 amino acids [1]. MUC1 is expressed on the surface of the oesophageal and ductal epithelial cells of the pancreas and the fundic gland cells of the stomach. It has also been detected in the cells of adenocarcinomas, including breast [2], lung [3], prostate [4], gastric [5], colorectal [6], ovarian [7], pancreatic [5] and bladder carcinomas [8]. Moreover, the expression of MUC1 in these tissues lacks its endogenous regulation, resulting in ubiquitous, random expression of this protein all over the cell surface [9]. In some cases, the expression of MUC1 is increased to a level where it can even be detected at high concentrations in the blood [10]. Cancer antigen 15–3 concentration (soluble MUC1) [11] above the clinical threshold (30 U/ml) was detected in about 10% of women with early localised breast cancer and about 70% of those with metastatic breast cancer [12,13]. For these reasons, MUC1 is an attractive potential serum biomarker for the early detection of tumours in cancer diagnostics.