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Cyclopolymerization of Dienes with Selected Vinyl Monomers
Published in George B. Butler, Cyclopolymerization and Cyclocopolymerization, 2020
Antitumor activity of varying degree appears to be a general property of copolymers related in structure to DIVEMA. The corresponding copolymer of divinyl ether and citraconic anhydride, designated as NSC 133788, (8-23) has been evaluated by the Program Analysis Branch for Drug Research and Development, National Cancer Institute.162 In evaluating these copolymers, lymphoid leukemia cells were injected into test animals by the intraperitoneal route on day zero. Dosages of the test drug were calculated on a mg/kg of body weight basis, dissolved in saline, and injected by the intraperitoneal route on day one. The mean survival time in days of the test group and the control group was determined and a ratio of test animals to control animals was calculated. In all tests, the animals were evaluated at five days, for survival, as a measure of drug toxicity. All data presented represented six of six survivors in each test group. A T/C value of 130 at optimum dose of 400 mg/kg was obtained for this material. After fractionation, a TC value of 267 at optimum dose of 6 mg/kg was obtained for this NSC No. 133788 (See Table 8-11). These results emphasize the importance of removing the higher molecular weight toxic fraction, and using a fraction of narrow MWD.
Current and Rising Concepts in Immunotherapy: Biopharmaceuti cals versus Nanomedicines
Published in Raj Bawa, János Szebeni, Thomas J. Webster, Gerald F. Audette, Immune Aspects of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicines, 2019
Recently, it was discovered that ferumoxytol, a drug normally used to treat anemia, also repolarizes M2 into M1-MΦ, based on the iron overload of MΦ [84]. However, the iron supplementation of feraheme might lead to side effects such as inflammation, which shows that it is a complex issue to modulate immune cells. Similar to the M1-shift induced by ferumoxtol, also Lipodex [22] and nanocarrier-coupled stavudine were discovered to lead to inflammatory activation of MΦ [85], possibly due to the accumulation of the drug inside the cells, making exact dosing important. While many strategies exist to cure lymphoid leukemia based on engaging the cells by depleting antibodies (Rituximab, CAR-T cells), there are few strategies to cure myeloid leukemia. Yet, one promising attempt for an improved therapy of acute myeloid leukemia is represented by CPX-351, which contains the two drugs cytarabine and daunorubicin in a single liposomal formulation. CPX-351 was shown to efficiently target myeloid cells, with greater efficiency than the single administration of both drugs [86], and the drug is now approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) [87]. The mechanism of action is hypothesized to be based on phagocytosis of the myeloid blasts.
Raman SERS Nanodevices: The Next-Generation Multiplex Tools for Cancer Diagnostics
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
Basavaiah Chandu, Puvvada Nagaprasad, Hari Babu Bollikolla
Wang et al. [51] achieved MRD diagnosis by simultaneous detection of two surface markers CD19 and CD20 on the B cell hematological malignancies employing the SERS technique. Raji cells CD19 and CD20 along with K562 control cells with varying concentrations from 5 to 5,000 cells/mL are used for model detection. Blood samples from patients with B lymphoid leukemia and B lymphoma are obtained under the supervision of senior physicians. The SERS labels are prepared by adding the two Raman receptors MBA and DNTB to Ag NPs followed by subsequent coating with PVP, SiO2, and decoration with anti-CD19 and anti-CD20 antibodies. These individual and mixture (for simultaneous analysis) of SERS probes, Ag NPs@SiO2@antibodies are then mixed with cell lines and real blood samples in PBS and drop-coated onto a glass slide five times. Then the SERS signals are measured to assess the expression levels of CD19 and CD20. The CD19 (at 1,078 cm–1) and CD20 (at 1,330 cm–1) SERS spectral detections detected for even 5 cells/mL and the SERS signal intensity increased with an increase in concentration up to 5,000 cells/mL, as shown in Figure 5.7. Further, the simultaneous detection with the mixture of two SERS probes exhibited good accuracy without any cross-reactivity between the two cell lines. Further, the experiments on 13 patients showed a linear correlation with the results obtained by the FCM technique. It proves that SERS technology could be a potential cancer diagnosis technique with very low LOD values, as tabulated in Table 5.1.
Biosynthesis of palladium nanoparticles using Diospyros kaki leaf extract and determination of antibacterial efficacy
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Azade Attar, Melda Altikatoglu Yapaoz
Diospyros kaki is an indigenous plant which is a pseudomaquis and economically valued plant that belongs to the family Ebenaceae. Because of its subtropical nature, it has been cultivated primarily in Mediterranean area and also in Black Sea and Aegean area in Turkey. It has been used pharmaceutically for various reasons, such as cure of paralysis, skin burns, freezing cold, and cease bleeding. It has been reported that the leaves of D. kaki restrain flavonoid oligomers, phenolic and organic acids, tannins, ascorbic acid, and caffeine.[29] Especially, catechin, kaempferol, and quercetin that are flavonoid aglycones available in persimmon leaves demonstrated their own high antioxidant activity by clasping oxygen radicals and metals.[30] It was shown that D. kaki is beneficial for health since it is an abounding source of phytochemicals. Therefore, consuming persimmon helps some health problems such as promoting immune system, improving eye health, degrading signs of aging, preventing cancer, improving digestion, decreasing cholesterol, improving metabolism, strengthening bones, lowering blood pressure, losing weight, reducing inflammation, and increasing blood circulation.[31,32] It was previously reported that persimmon extract and associated phenolic complexes have inhibitory effects on the increase in cells of human lymphoid leukemia.[33]
Bayesian modeling of hematologic cancer and vehicular air pollution among young people in the city of São Paulo, Brazil
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2020
Adeylson Guimarães Ribeiro, Oswaldo Santos Baquero, Clarice Umbelino de Freitas, Francisco Chiaravalloti Neto, Maria Regina Alves Cardoso, Maria do Rosario Dias de Oliveira Latorre, Adelaide Cássia Nardocci
Table 1 shows the distribution of cases of malignant neoplasms of lymphatic, hematopoietic, or related tissues, by ICD-10. Lymphoid leukemia with 37.01% accounted for the most incident cases in young individuals followed by the Hodgkin lymphoma and myeloid leukemia with 17.70% and 16.79%, respectively. There was a higher mortality due to lymphoid leukemia with 45.98% followed by myeloid leukemia with 29.06%.
Evaluation of potential health effects associated with occupational and environmental exposure to styrene – an update
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
M.I. Banton, J.S. Bus, J.J. Collins, E. Delzell, H.-P. Gelbke, J.E. Kester, M.M. Moore, R. Waites, S.S. Sarang
Christensen et al. (2018) report on a study of LH cancer incidence among workers exposed to styrene in the Danish FRP industry. This study adds to the Christensen et al. (2017) study of the same cohort of workers (with minor changes). Christensen et al. (2018) enhanced the methodologic approach of the earlier paper in several major ways, including improved exposure estimation, analysis of subtypes of LH cancer not examined in the 2017 study (the 2018 study analyzed a total of 21 types of LH cancer), use of an internal referent group and inclusion of analyses of LH cancer incidence in relation to multiple time-dependent exposure indices and induction time/latency. The follow-up period of the new study was 1968 through 2011. The 2017 study by Christensen et al. includes findings of positive statistical associations between surrogate styrene exposure variables (“probability” of exposure to styrene) and overall myeloid leukemia and Hodgkin lymphoma but the authors acknowledged that “Further studies are needed to evaluate if the observed associations are likely to be causal.” Christensen et al. (2018) is a further investigation that contributes to the knowledge base for styrene and LH cancer. It analyzed subtypes of myeloid leukemia, lymphoid leukemia, and NHL, included new analyses of multiple myeloma and Hodgkin lymphoma and analyzed several types of LH cancer not included in Christensen et al. (2017). Findings of Christensen et al. (2018) included a positive association between cumulative exposure to styrene and acute myeloid leukemia in a subgroup of the cohort and positive but statistically less impressive associations with Hodgkin lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma (no significant trends were found with any measure). Other important findings included null results for styrene and overall NHL, the most numerically important subtypes of NHL (including multiple myeloma), other subtypes of leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and polycythemia vera. The evidence for a causal association between styrene and acute myeloid leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma remains inconclusive because of the uncertain styrene exposure estimates and consequently a high likelihood of exposure misclassification, lack of control of confounding by cigarette smoking, lack of information on other occupations held by short-term workers, and, despite the large size of the overall study, the relatively small numbers of outcomes available for analysis (acute myeloid leukemia, 50; Hodgkin lymphoma, 57; T-cell lymphoma, number not reported) and the resulting statistical imprecision of the results. The null results for other forms of NHL are based on large numbers and are an important contribution to the relevant literature.