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Occupational Health Hazards of Nanoparticles
Published in Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Gustavo Marques da Costa, Environmental, Ethical, and Economical Issues of Nanotechnology, 2022
Sandra Magali Heberle, Michele dos Santos, Gomes da Rosab
The human respiratory system holds a total volume of approximately 5800 ml of air, which is called total lung capacity (TLC). Of this volume, only half a liter is renewed in each breath at rest. Such renewed volume is the tidal volume. If, at the end of a forced inspiration, a forced exhalation is performed, an amount of approximately 4 L of air will be removed from the lungs, which corresponds to the vital capacity (CV), and it is within its limits that breathing can happen. Even at the end of a forced expiration, about 1 L of air remains in the airways, called residual volume (VR) (Costa and Jamami 2001). In the evaluation of ventilation and lung capacity, the following lung volumes are considered: tidal volume (VC), inspiratory reserve volume (IVR), expiratory reserve volume (VRE), and residual volume (RV) (Costa and Jamami 2001).
Physiology of the Airways
Published in Anthony J. Hickey, Sandro R.P. da Rocha, Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, 2019
Anthony J. Hickey, David C. Thompson
Lung volumes can be determined by spirometry and reflect the volume of air remaining in the airways after various inspiratory or expiratory maneuvers. Lung capacities encompass two or more lung volumes (as shown by the provided formulas).
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Published in Splinter Robert, Illustrated Encyclopedia of Applied and Engineering Physics, 2017
[biomedical, fluid dynamics] Classification of lung volumes, consisting of inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume. The vital capacity of the lung is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, the expiratory reserve volume, and the tidal volume; where the combination inspiratory reserve volume and tidal volume constitutes the inspiratory capacity. The expired reserve volume refers to the lung volume that can be forcefully exhaled what is remaining after normal expiration (see Figure R.57).
Modeling pressure relationships of inspired air into the human lung bifurcations through simulations
Published in International Journal for Computational Methods in Engineering Science and Mechanics, 2018
Parya Aghasafari, Israr B.M. Ibrahim, Ramana Pidaparti
When solving the Navier-Stokes equation and continuity equation, appropriate boundary conditions need to be applied. For the present study, inlet velocity boundary conditions are defined and written as UDF in C++ programming language. The C++ codes are written based on general breathing patterns for NB and MV. For NB, the inlet boundary condition in the trachea inlet (G0) was considered as a modified sinusoidal waveform profile and waveforms for MV were characterized by active constant inhalation and passive exhalation. The inlet velocity profile was considered as a function of the cross section (S) and time (t) during breathing which are categorized in Table (2) for NB and MV. The curves for inlet boundary conditions are drawn in Fig(3). where flow rate = (tidal volume/inhalation time). Tidal volume is the lung volume that represents the normal volume of air displaced between inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied. The tidal volume was considered as 700 × 10−6 m3 for NB and 420 × 10−6 m3 for MV which represent mean and low tidal volume, respectively. Mean tidal volume was considered for NB and as previous studies have shown that low tidal volume can prevent VALI[34], lower tidal volume was considered for MV.