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Entamoeba histolytica, the Causative Agent of Amoebiasis
Published in Hajiya Mairo Inuwa, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Emmanuel Olufemi Ekundayo, Abubakar Gidado, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Medical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutics, Forensic Science and Bioinformatics, 2022
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oyetunde T. Oyeyemi
What triggers the penetration of E. histolytica into the intestinal mucosa to induce amoebic colitis or propagation of the parasite to some other organs including the liver where it induces abscess is still largely unknown. The host and parasite genetic compositions, immune modulation, diet, and concomitant infections have all been suggested as factors that can influence the pathogenicity of E. histolytica (Meyer et al., 2016). A triad of protein families—amoebapores, galactose/N-acetyl d-galactosamine–inhibitable Gal/GalNAc-lectins, and cysteine peptidases (CPs)—have been implicated in amoebic liver abscess formation (Bracha et al., 2003; Matthiesen et al., 2013). The occurrence of common homologues of these probable virulence factors in Entamoeba dispar has however given room for more debate on whether additional factors are involved.
Risk Assessment in Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse
Published in Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, 2020
Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid
Following are the major pathogenic protozoa found in wastewater and the diseases associated with them.19–21Entamoeba histolytica: causes amoebic dysentery, liver abscess, and colonic ulcerations.Giardia lamblia: causes anorexia, diarrhea, and infections of the small intestine.Blantidium coli: causes diarrhea, colonic ulceration, and dysentery.Cryptosporidium: causes diarrhea.
OverStitch Sx Endoscopic suturing system in minimally invasive endoscopic procedures: overview of its safety and efficacy and comparison to oversticthTM
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Tara Keihanian, Mohamed O Othman
Utilizing endoscopic suturing could be challenging. One challenge that would arise is threading loop behind the needle driver; Bove et al. suggest partial closure of the needle driver while advancing the anchor exchange and retrieving the anchor exchange together with the thread [68]. Other reported adverse events are remarkable for submucosal tear requiring clipping or suturing, superficial mucosal abrasion, oozing from the suture site requiring epinephrine injection, suture breakage, and subsequence wound dehiscence [66]. There is one reported case of a food bolus obstruction secondary to migrated OverStitch suture from a previous esophageal perforation repair [69]. Few unique adverse events were noted mainly during ESG such as delayed liver abscess, pneumothorax, gallbladder perforation, gastric perforation and intraabdominal abscess, pulmonary embolism, and death [66]. It is worth mentioning that proficiency in suturing techniques should be established prior to embarking in performing this procedure. Proficiency could be attained by observing instructional videos followed by performing suturing in ex-vivo animal models until endoscopist gain proficiency. Proctorship for the first few cases is also encouraged to assist with troubleshooting.
Bioburden and transmission of pathogenic bacteria through elevator channel during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: application of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for characterization of clonal strains
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Masoumeh Azimirad, Masoud Alebouyeh, Amir Sadeghi, Elham Khodamoradi, Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei, Amir Houshang Mohammad Alizadeh, Mohammad Reza Zali
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is used increasingly for diagnosis and treatment of pancreatobiliary diseases, including choledocholithiasis, gallstone pancreatitis, and bile duct or pancreatic duct stenosis [1]. Bacterial infection is the most morbid complications of ERCP, which can cause ERCP-related death through septic cholangitis, liver abscess, acute cholecystitis, and pancreatic pseudocyst [2]. During the procedure, bacteria can enter the biliary tract and colonize this tissue via contaminated device and its related instruments [3]. Difficulty in reprocessing, cleaning and disinfection of duodenoscopes, such as elevator mechanism, converted this medical device as a reservoir for life-threatening infections. The infection in this organ causes more frequently through enteric bacterial flora [4]. Several outbreaks were reported in association to used contaminated endoscopes during ERCP procedure in recent years [5–11]. Although these outbreaks were mainly related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococci, sources of these bacteria and their transmission routes were not well characterized.