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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
The diencephalon is located centrally within the forebrain (the anterior or front part of the brain). It consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus, which together enclose the third ventricle (a sac containing cerebrospinal fluid found within the brain which is connected to the lateral ventricles in the cerebral hemispheres and to the fourth ventricle in the brainstem). The thalamus acts as a grouping and relay station for sensory inputs (inputs such as pain, touch and temperature from the periphery), ascending to the sensory cortex and associated areas. It also mediates motor activities, cortical arousal or wakefulness and memories. The hypothalamus, by controlling the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system, is responsible for maintaining the body’s homeostatic balance, by maintaining the concentrations of ions and pH, of the internal environment (‘the milieu interior’). Moreover, the hypothalamus forms a part of the limbic system, the ‘emotional’ brain. The epithalamus consists of the pineal gland and its connections.
Introduction
Published in Narayan Panigrahi, Saraju P. Mohanty, Brain Computer Interface, 2022
Narayan Panigrahi, Saraju P. Mohanty
There are two ventricles deep within the cerebral hemispheres called the lateral ventricles. They both connect with the third ventricle through a separate opening called the foramen of Monro. The third ventricle connects with the fourth ventricle through a long, narrow tube called the aqueduct of Sylvius. From the fourth ventricle, CSF flows into the subarachnoid space where it bathes and cushions the brain. CSF is recycled (or absorbed) by special structures in the superior sagittal sinus called arachnoid villi.
Design of a RADA16-based self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffold for biomedical applications
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Rongrong Wang, Zhaoyue Wang, Yayuan Guo, Hongmin Li, Zhuoyue Chen
Brain injury is a fatal disease that causes health problems. In 2017, Wang et al. [33] linked RADA16 to the functional motif SVVYGLR in the self-assembling peptide RADA16-SVVYGLR. The RADA16-SVVYGLR hydrogel was implanted into zebrafish and was found to both promote angiogenesis in brain injury sites and promote the survival and proliferation of neural stem cells. Thus, this functionalized self-assembling polypeptide hydrogel can be used as an alternative to nerve tissue regeneration, angiogenesis, and brain injury treatments such as trauma, stroke, brain tumors, and neurogenic degenerative diseases. It has been found that RADA16 has a significant effect on functional recovery after brain injury in mammals. For example, Na et al. [72] and Sang et al. [73] studied the effect of RADA on functional recovery after brain injury with mouse and rat models. Na et al. [72] found that mice injected with a RADA16 mix hadffewer microglia and apoptotic cells and more cells survive in this group. Moreover, behavioral testing revealed that treatment with the RADA16 mix was better than the use of RADA16-I to restore function in the mice. Sang et al. [73] investigated the impact of hematoma aspiration plus intragranular injection of RADA16-I on intracerebral hemorrhage-related (ICH-related) brain injury and functional recovery. They measured the amount of hematoma, brain edema, cell death and inflammatory response in the acute phase of ICH. In addition, functional recovery in the chronic phase of ICH, brain cavity and lateral ventricle enlargement were evaluated. Finally, their findings suggested that the RADA16-I stent replaced cerebral hematoma, reduced brain injury and improves functional recovery [73].