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Central nervous system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Symptoms caused by brain tumours are quite variable as follows:Increased intracranial pressure caused by the tumour itself or hydrocephalusHeadacheNausea and vomitingIrritabilityAcute presentation (may be due to haemorrhage into the tumour)Sudden severe headacheStrokeSeizureFocal neurological disturbanceCranial nerve palsyHormonal effects.
Soft Tissue Replacements
Published in Joyce Y. Wong, Joseph D. Bronzino, Biomaterials, 2007
K.B. Chandran, K.J.L. Burg, S.W. Shalaby
Fluid transfer implants are required for cases such as hydrocephalus, urinary incontinence, glaucoma-related elevated intraocular pressure, and chronic ear infection. Hydrocephalus, caused by abnormally high pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, can be treated by draining the fluid (essentially an ultrafiltrate of blood) through a cannula. Earlier shunts had two one-way valves at either end. However, the more recent Ames shunt has simple slits at the discharging end, which opens when enough fluid pressure is exerted. The Ames shunt empties the fluid in the peritoneum while others drain into the blood stream through the right internal jugular vein or right atrium of the heart. The simpler peritoneal shunt shows less incidence of infection.
Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Soft Tissue Viscoelasticity and Dielectric Relaxation
Published in A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto, Mechano-Electric Correlations in the Human Physiological System, 2021
A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto
Both the liver and brain are challenging targets for rheological analysis because of their soft and viscous mechanical behavior and because they are well shielded by bones. The viscoelastic properties of liver and brain have been the topic of several recent investigations related to diseases such as liver fibrosis (Asbach et al., 2008), hydrocephalus in brain (Taylor and Miller, 2004) and traumatic brain injury (Bayly et al., 2006). Further, MRE has been applied to liver and brain for the estimation and quantification of their viscoelastic properties (Klatt et al., 2007).
Review on the current treatment status of vein of Galen malformations and future directions in research and treatment
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Panagiotis Primikiris, Georgios Hadjigeorgiou, Maria Tsamopoulou, Alessandra Biondi, Christina Iosif
Hydrovenous disorders may manifest in fetuses, neonates and infants being in the latter the primary revealing factor [22]. Hydrocephalus and intracranial hypertension may occur. Meila et al [41] reported 21 patients (48%) with hydrocephalus among their series of 44 patients with VOGM. They suggested different pathophysiological features which may lead to hydrocephalus in patients with VOGM including high venous pressure, mechanical obstruction of aqueduct (caused by the mass effect of the dilated venous outflow of the malformation or a coil mass after embolization), post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus and hydrocephalus ex vacuo (due to brain atrophia) [41]. The most accepted explanation is the hydrodynamic concept of hydrocephalus [42]. More specifically, in the first two years of life Pacchioni granulations are immature and the cerebrospinal fluid drains via ependymal, periventricular and transmedullary veins into the dural sinus [41]. An increase in venous pressure can consequently impede the absorption of CSF with increase of the ventricular volume.
Advances in CSF shunt devices and their assessment for the treatment of hydrocephalus
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Kamran Aghayev, Sheikh MA Iqbal, Waseem Asghar, Bunyad Shahmurzada, Frank D. Vrionis
Hydrocephalus is a neurological disorder caused by the imbalance between the production and absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain [1]. CSF is an organic fluid that circulates in the brain’s ventricles to perform key tasks such as absorbing mechanical shocks, transporting important nutrients, and regulating pressure changes in the cranium and spine. Hydrocephalus can lead to dementia, impaired vision, cognitive skills deterioration, memory loss, coma, and death. Recent literature review and meta-analysis reported that the true incidence of hydrocephalus is hard to estimate due to underreporting, especially in developing countries [2]. However, it is estimated that there are approximately 400,000 new congenital hydrocephalus cases worldwide. Also, there is significant difference in rates of congenital hydrocephalus per 100,000 new births ranging from 68 (USA/Canada) to 316 (Latin America). Neural tube defects, post-infection and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus are the main contributors to congenital hydrocephalus. A large disparity in the incidence of hydrocephalus between high-income and middle/low-income countries comes from the differences in perinatal care [2]. Moreover, the treatment of hydrocephalus poses a significant economic burden on patients, for example in USA mean hospitalization cost is 14,839 USD per day [3]. Since the incidence of hydrocephalus is higher in low-income countries [2] the economic impact to poor nations is tremendous. Thus, there is an urgent need for low-cost, widely available and highly efficient treatment modalities.
The effect of ventricular volume increase in the amplitude of intracranial pressure
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
João Apura, Jorge Tiago, Alexandra Bugalho de Moura, José Artur Lourenço, Adélia Sequeira
Hydrocephalus is a disorder related to abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cerebral ventricles. It occurs with a significant incidence which, in the United States, is estimated to be between 1:1000 to 1:500, as reported in (Linninger et al. 2016). The accumulation of CSF is associated with a volumetric expansion of the ventricles and consequent compression and damage of the brain tissue. Usually, hydrocephalus is associated with an increase of intracranial pressure (ICP) however, it may also occur associated with normal ICP values, a situation described as normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Clinically, NPH is of upmost interest being, unlike other cerebral pathologies, an under-diagnosed cause of potential treatable dementia.