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Designing for Head and Neck Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Look at the major segments of the brain: cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brainstem (Figure 3.1). The paired right and left cerebral hemispheres make up the major portion of the brain. The illustration shows the left hemisphere from the lateral side and the right hemisphere from the medial side. Some functions are more exclusively located in one hemisphere. The right hemisphere controls motor function—movement—on the left side of the body and the left hemisphere controls the right side. Registration of sensory inputs is also crossed, right body to left brain and left body to right brain. People are sometimes called “left brained” when they demonstrate predominant verbal skills as the left hemisphere usually has more influence on verbal functioning. “Right brained” individuals show strong visual, spatial, and/or musical capacities suggesting the right hemisphere has more influence. There are individual exceptions to this right-left brain orientation.
Developments in the human machine interface technologies and their applications: a review
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2021
Harpreet Pal Singh, Parlad Kumar
The brain has three main parts- cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem, which are further fragmented into 52 discrete sections [26]. The cerebrum is divided into two cerebral hemispheres: left and right. Each hemisphere has four sections, called lobes: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe. In these four lobes, each lobe controls specific functions. The cerebrum specifically controls the limb's movements, learning, reasoning, emotions, memory, judgment, speech along with the senses of touch, hear and sight [27]. The function of the cerebellum part of the brain is to maintain the balance of the human body during locomotion superintendence, to establish the right body posture and to coordinate the muscles movements to perform several body movements in the right way [28]. The brainstem is the connecting part of the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, which performs many involuntary muscle movements like breathing, eye movements, digestion, coughing, sneezing, vomiting along controlling the heart rate and body temperatures [29–32]. Another important function of the brain is to acquire the alertness level very quickly to process high priority signals [33].
Advanced 4D-bioprinting technologies for brain tissue modeling and study
Published in International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, 2019
Timothy J. Esworthy, Shida Miao, Se-Jun Lee, Xuan Zhou, Haitao Cui, Yi Y. Zuo, Lijie Grace Zhang
The brain is anatomically partitioned into four interconnected tissue subsystems and is composed of an estimated 86 billion neurons, and some 85 billion non-neuronal cells [46,47]. In brief, the general tissue subsystems of the brain include the cerebrum (which is divided into two cerebral hemispheres), the brainstem, the diencephalon, and the cerebellum [46]. The brainstem is comprised of 3 main parts: (i) the midbrain (mesencephalon), which is associated with motor functioning; (ii) the pons, which encompasses several cranial nerve nuclei and serves as an important conduit for bidirectional neural tracts; and (iii) the medulla, which largely functions to regulate vital processes such as heart contraction and breathing [46,48]. The cerebellum or ‘little-brain’ is located adjacent to the brainstem in the posterior cranial fossa. Its distinctive exterior is composed of many fine grooves of undulating tissue known as folia, and as a whole, is largely associated with motor control and muscle memory [46,48]. The forebrain is composed of both the cerebrum and the diencephalon. The diencephalon houses both the thalamus, which serves as a cortical relay, and the hypothalamus, which largely works to modulate autonomic functions such as the regulation of body temperature [46,48]. The cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain and is divided into two, non-symmetrical hemispheres which entail the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala [46,48–50].
The effect of Tai Chi practice on brain white matter structure: a diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging study
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2019
Jian Yao, Qipeng Song, Kai Zhang, Youlian Hong, Weiping Li, Dewei Mao, Yan Cong, Jing Xian Li
This study examined the effect of regular long-term Tai Chi practice on brain white matter and whether or not the Tai Chi practice skill level and practicing experience are associated with the changes in brain white matter by using DTI. The results showed that Tai Chi group had significantly higher FA values than the control group, indicating better microstructure of the brain white matter in the region. The corpus callosum connects and enables the communication between the left and right cerebral hemispheres and is the largest white matter microstructure in the human brain (Luders, Thompson, & Toga, 2010). During aging, the volumes of total brain and total white matter decrease, whereas white matter lesion increases in both men and women (Ge et al., 2002; Ikram et al., 2008). These related microstructure changes in brain tissue are linked with functional decline, including that in memory, cognition, and diseases (Alzheimer’s disease) (Teipel et al., 2010).