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Clinical Effects of Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Lesions in the hypothalamus, in general, cause effects opposite to those caused by stimulation especially in the chemically sensitive. For instance, Bilateral lesions in the lateral hypothalamus will decrease drinking and eating almost to zero, often leading to lethal starvation. These lesions cause extreme passivity of the animal as well, with loss of most of its overt drives including lack of intake of calories. A subgroup of chemically sensitive patients has to have total parental nutrition until these triggers are eliminated or neutralized and the general nutrition is replaced. The following case is illustrative.A 50-year-old white female hardware worker developed food intolerance. She lost 40 lbs. and could not eat any food. A feeding tube was placed in her small intestine. However, she could not tolerate any foods, especially nutrients. This would be accompanied by bloating, nausea, and vomiting. Due to the intolerance of the tube feeding, a central venous catheter was placed and intravenous nutrients were supplied. At this time, she was transferred to the EHC-Dallas claiming she could only tolerate 600–700 calories. She was placed in the controlled environment and depurated. She was tested on multiple individual food, molds, and chemicals and these antigens, as well the intravenous calories she was taking. In addition, she had intravenous hyperalimentation of glucose, amino acids, and lipids. She increased her hyperalimentation calorie intake to 1700 calories/day. After taking food, mold, pollen, and chemical antigens as well as decreasing particulate and toxic solvents and pesticide intake, she gradually could tolerate foods. She got to the point of being able to tolerate 25 foods and nutrients. She had her jejunostomy food tube pulled, which was causing a frequent reaction to the rubber. She eventually could eat and did well off the total parenteral nutrition. Central intravenous hyperalimentation has now been used in several patients.Bilateral lesions of the ventromedial areas of the hypothalamus cause effects that are mainly opposite to those caused by lesions of the lateral hypothalamus, which are excessive drinking and eating, as well as hyperactivity and often continuous savagery along with frequent bouts of extreme rage on the slightest provocation can occur. Frequently, at this stage, selective CS patient's symptoms are misinterpreted as psychological and proper treatment is delayed, with the patient's health is deteriorating when in fact this is a pathophysical phenomenon. Stimulation of lesions in other regions of the limbic system, especially in the amygdala, the septal area, and areas in the mesencephalon, often causes effects similar to those elicited from the hypothalamus.
The interactions of diet-induced obesity and organophosphate flame retardant exposure on energy homeostasis in adult male and female mice
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Gwyndolin M. Vail, Sabrina N. Walley, Ali Yasrebi, Angela Maeng, Kristie M. Conde, Troy A. Roepke
Homeostatic regulation of feeding behaviors and energy balance is a complex system but predominantly controlled via neuroendocrine pathways originating in the hypothalamus (Waye and Trudeau 2011). Briefly, the hypothalamus consists of multiple nuclei in which discrete neuronal subgroups communicate with each other to integrate peripheral indicators of energy states (Williams et al. 2001). With emotional and reward inputs from the limbic forebrain, the hypothalamus synthesizes feeding drive and communicates with the hindbrain for execution (Berthoud 2002; Grill and Hayes 2012). Within the hypothalamus lies the arcuate nucleus (ARC) which sits adjacent to a leaky portion of the blood-brain-barrier, and thus its neurons are in a unique position to directly sense energy state through peripheral signals such as glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin (Saper, Chou, and Elmquist 2002; Schwartz et al. 2000). ARC neurons express receptors for these molecules, and their combined inputs to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and lateral hypothalamus (LH) help dictate food intake (Arora and Anubhuti 2006; Nahon 2006). Because hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis is highly regulated through hormone signaling pathways including estrogen receptor (ER) α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ (Garretson et al. 2015; Mauvais-Jarvis, Clegg, and Hevener 2013; Roepke et al. 2011; Sarruf et al. 2009), any EDC, such as OPFRs, that interact with these receptors may disrupt the complex balance of these pathways, sensitizing the system to metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes.