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Excessive Daytime Sleepiness: Clinical Considerations
Published in Anthony N. Nicholson, The Neurosciences and the Practice of Aviation Medicine, 2017
Thomas C. Britton, Andrew R. C. Cummin, Anthony N. Nicholson
The first symptom of narcolepsy is usually excessive daytime sleepiness, with patients often falling asleep at times and in situations that are inappropriate (Zeman et al., 2004). Patients, who are often at school or college when the symptoms begin, typically fall asleep in class or lectures and are then accused of being lazy or of not going to bed early enough. The urge to fall asleep can be overwhelming, but the duration of sleep is usually relatively short, lasting from 5 to 20 minutes, and most will describe the nap as being refreshing. In contrast, those with idiopathic hypersomnia, the chronic fatigue syndrome or depression generally report longer non-refreshing daytime naps lasting up to an hour or more.
On-the-road driving performance of patients with central disorders of hypersomnolence
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2021
N. N. J. J. M. van der Sluiszen, B. Urbanus, G. J. Lammers, S. Overeem, J. G. Ramaekers, A. Vermeeren
The current international classification of sleep disorders distinguishes two types of narcolepsy. Type 1 (NT1) is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), disturbed nocturnal sleep, the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep related symptoms cataplexy (i.e., sudden loss of muscle tone evoked by strong emotions), hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis. Its hallmark is hypocretin deficiency that can be measured in cerebrospinal fluid. Type 2 (NT2) presents with similar symptomatology except for cataplexy. Hypocretin measurement, if performed, must show a normal concentration. In patients with IH, excessive sleepiness manifests without evidence of REM sleep dysregulation nor hypocretin deficiency. Symptomatic management of narcolepsy and IH consists of a combination of behavioral- (e.g., the adoption of regular sleep schedules and planned daytime naps) and pharmacological treatments (Kornum et al. 2017). Stimulants are used as first-line treatment for daytime sleepiness. Sodium oxybate and antidepressants are primarily prescribed for treatment of cataplexy, but sodium oxybate can also improve other core symptoms of narcolepsy including sleepiness.
Analyzing the dynamics of sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) signals with different pathologies using threshold-dependent symbolic entropy
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2021
Lal Hussain, Saeed Arif Shah, Wajid Aziz, Syed Nadeem Haider Bukhari, Kashif Javed Lone, Quratul-Ain Chaudhary
Narcolepsy disorder is characterized by pervasive and excessive daytime sleepiness. Previous subjective reports indicate that the patients with narcolepsy disorder usually have difficulties in concentration, memory, and general learning [7]. It is associated with disrupted nocturnal sleep, daytime somnolence, and episodes of abrupt partial or complete loss of muscle tone, while muscle tone loss is mostly triggered by abrupt emotional involvement or laughter with the disappearance of deep tendon reflexes during cataplexy.
Precautions & Possible Therapeutic Approaches of Health Hazards of Astronauts in Microgravity
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2021
Nikita Pal, Shambaditya Goswami, Rajveer Singh, Tejpal Yadav, Ravindra Pal Singh
In the event of sleep disturbances, crew members could take zolpidem and zopiclon, drugs that have fewer side effects than benzodiazepines and barbiturates (The American Society of Health System Pharmacists, 2018). Modafinil is prescribed for narcolepsy and approved in various military situations (Caldwell et al., 1999).