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A Critical Study on Genetically Engineered Bioweapons and Computer-Based Techniques as Counter Measure
Published in P. Madhumathy, M. Vinoth Kumar, R. Umamaheswari, Machine Learning and IoT for Intelligent Systems and Smart Applications, 2021
Manvinder Sharma, Bikramjit Sharma, Anuj Kumar Gupta, Digvijay Pandey, Joginder Singh, Rahul Kakkar
H1N1 is the subtype of influenza A virus which was the cause of influenza in 2009 and has an association with the outbreak of Spanish flu in 1918. During the flu pandemic of 2009, in the United States, a virus was isolated from an infected patient and it was found out that H1N1 virus was made from the genetic elements of four different viruses [8]. From Mexico in 2009 the HIN1 had spread to the United States where it was declared a national emergency by the US President on 25th October 2009. It was already declared a pandemic on 11th June 2009 by World Health Organization (WHO). At least 213 countries were affected by H1N1 pandemic by 21st March 2011 and 16,931 deaths were reported. The preparedness alert of H1N1 pandemic was issued by WHO in 2011 [9].
Role of ICT in Online Education during COVID-19 Pandemic and beyond
Published in Archana Singh, Vinod Kumar Shukla, Ashish Seth, A. Sai Sabitha, ICT and Data Sciences, 2022
Steffy Sebastian, Albert Thomson, Vinod Kumar Shukla, Iman Ajaj Naje
In 2009, an epidemic in the United States produced a new form of influenza, a virus known as H1N1. It spread rapidly and was identified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) based on a structured process that took into account the precise nature of the countries in which infection was diagnosed [2]. The WHO reported that they no longer use a standardized classification to determine when an outbreak becomes a pandemic because infections from the 2019-coV coronavirus began to spread in early 2020 [3].COVID-19: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by a recently discovered coronavirus, an infectious disease. The first case in Wuhan, China, was found in December 2019. Common symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, cough, weakness, trouble breathing, and loss of smell and taste. Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will develop mild to moderate respiratory disease and recover without needing special care.COVID-19 passes from person to person after an affected person coughs, sneezes, and talks or breathes, primarily through the respiratory pathway. A new infection develops when other persons who are in direct contact with the infected person come into the mouth, nose, or eyes with virus-containing particles exhaled by an infected person, like respiratory droplets or aerosols [4].Covid-19 and Education Domain: Educational structures worldwide have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, contributing to the almost complete closing of schools, universities, and colleges. In an effort to minimize the spread of COVID-19, most governments around the world have agreed to have educational institutions temporarily closed. As of September 30, 2020, in response to the pandemic, about 1,077 billion students are actually affected due to school closures. Currently, 53 countries are introducing national closures, and 27 are implementing local closures, according to United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) monitoring, affecting about 61.6 percent of the world’s student population. Schools in 72 nations are open now.School closures not only affect teachers, educators, and families. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) suggested, in response to school closures, the use of distance learning services and open educational software and networks that can be used by schools and teachers to access learners remotely and reduce education disruption.
Next generation sequencing for pandemic preparedness
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2020
Recurrent waves of epidemics and localised infections also indicate that Pandemic preparedness should be integrated with the health policy framework. In recent times, virus outbreaks like H1N1, MERS-CoV and Ebola have caused significant global concern with significant fatalities in large swathes of populations. 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus emerged, designated as influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus. Globally, 80% of (H1N1)pdm09 virus-related deaths were estimated to have occurred in people younger than 65 years of age. Although, WHO declared an end to the global 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in August 2010, (H1N1)pdm09 virus continues to circulate as a seasonal flu virus, and cause illness, hospitalization and deaths worldwide every year (https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html) [3].Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus with approx. 35% mortality of reported patients with MERS-CoV infection (https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-(mers-cov)) [4].Ebola Virus Disease (EBD) is caused by Ebola virus with average fatality of ∼50%. The incubation period, i.e. the time interval from infection with the virus to onset of symptoms, is from 2 to 21 days. This is an important aspect wherein timely detection, planning and response would be important (https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease) [5].