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Viral and Bacterial Infection Prevention Through Intentional Design
Published in AnnaMarie Bliss, Dak Kopec, Architectural Factors for Infection and Disease Control, 2023
Debra Harris, Denise N. Williams
Influenza or flu viruses are primarily community-acquired viruses that infect 5% to 20% of U.S. residents each year, of which 3–11% are symptomatic.8,37 Influenza infections initially present with fever, body and muscle aches, cough, sneezing, and a sore throat as symptoms. Subsequently, more than 200,000 persons in the U.S. per year, on average, require medical care in ambulatory health care settings.8,38 Most often transmission occurs after an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks and emits aerosolized viral loads which go directly to nearby persons.39–41 Additionally, studies have found that viable influenza can persist on wooden and plastic surfaces for 2 days, on cotton and microfiber materials for 1 week, and on stainless steel for 2 weeks in both home and community settings.41–43 These surface-deposited viable surface influenza loads can also infect persons through contact.
Modeling Virus Dynamics in Time and Space
Published in Ranjit Kumar Upadhyay, Satteluri R. K. Iyengar, Spatial Dynamics and Pattern Formation in Biological Populations, 2021
Ranjit Kumar Upadhyay, Satteluri R. K. Iyengar
Vaccination and antiviral treatment are two important prevention and control measures for the spread of influenza. Qiu and Feng [217] developed a mathematical model that includes both drug-sensitive and resistant strains to explore the impact of vaccination and antiviral treatment on the transmission dynamics of influenza. Eggo et al. [80] presented a statistical analysis of the spatiotemporal spread of the 1918 influenza pandemic and demonstrated the degree of spatial locality in the large-scale geographical spread of influenza between cities in England, Wales, and the United States. Wang [279] considered the influence of behavioral changes on the influenza spread. Li et al. [153] formulated a stochastic SIRS epidemic model with nonlinear incidence rate and varying population size to investigate the effect of stochastic environmental variability on inter-pandemic transmission dynamics of influenza A. Sufficient conditions for extinction and persistence of the disease were established.
Medical Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses), which affects birds and mammals. Typically, influenza is transmitted through the air by coughs or sneezes, creating aerosols containing the virus. Influenza can also be transmitted by direct contact with bird droppings or nasal secretions or through contact with contaminated surfaces. Airborne aerosols have been thought to cause most infections, although which means of transmission is most important is not entirely clear. Influenza viruses can be inactivated by sunlight, disinfectants, and detergents. Three influenza pandemics occurred in the twentieth century and killed tens of millions of people, with each of these pandemics being caused by the appearance of a new strain of the virus in humans. Often, these new strains appear when an existing flu virus spreads to humans from other animal species or when an existing human strain picks up new genes from a virus that usually infects birds or pigs. An avian strain named H5N1 raised the concern of a new influenza pandemic after it emerged in Asia in the 1990s, but it has not evolved to a form that spreads easily between people. In April 2009, a novel flu strain evolved that combined genes from human, pig, and bird flu, initially dubbed “swine flu” and known as influenza A/H1N1; it emerged in Mexico, the United States, and several other nations. The World Health Organization officially declared the outbreak to be a pandemic on June 11, 2009.
An ontology-based framework for extracting spatio-temporal influenza data using Twitter
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2019
Udaya K. Jayawardhana, Pece V. Gorsevski
Seasonal influenza is a viral disease which causes severe health issues and mortality in high-risk population groups through spreading from person to person (Fauci 2006; Wikramaratna and Gupta 2009). Seasonal influenza circulates globally and affects people from all ages, causing symptoms such as high fever, cough, headache, pain, sore throat, and runny nose. Seasonal influenza differs from influenza pandemic which spreads on a large scale caused by the emergence of new non-existent viruses as people have neither natural resistance nor there are readily available vaccines (Smith et al. 2009). Major pandemics such as the ‘Spanish flu’ (N1 subtype) killed over 50 million people worldwide in 1918–1919 while a different subtype strain of the same influenza (N2) caused a total of 69,800 and 33,800 deaths in 1957–1958 and 1968–1969, respectively, in the US alone. Other examples of recent worldwide influenza varieties include the avian influenza (H5N1 and H7N9), caused by domestic poultry from 2003 and the swine flu (H1N1) that caused a worldwide pandemic in 2009 (Meltzer, Cox, and Fukuda 1999; Yoldascan et al. 2010). Occasionally, new genotypes of viruses are established when viruses cross between birds and mammals, but not all subtypes will mutate into highly pathogenic forms that cause severe illnesses or deaths (Wikramaratna and Gupta 2009).
Production and characterization of a conserved M2e peptide-based specific IgY antibody: evaluation of the diagnostic potential via conjugation with latex nanoparticles
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Yasemin Budama-Kilinc, Rabia Cakir-Koc, Burak Ozdemir, Zeynep Kaya, Selim Badur
Influenza A is a highly contagious viral disease with a sudden onset of symptoms such as high fever, coughing, fatigue, myalgia, and headaches.[1–4] The influenza A virus has caused epidemics and pandemics throughout history[5–7] and is the most important virus that has undergone antigenic changes among the viruses of the respiratory tract.[8–11] In addition to being variable and despite changes to the viral structure,[11,12] the extracellular peptide of matrix-2 protein (M2e) remains conserved in all strains.[4,13,14] This component on the surface of the virus serves as an ion channel by enabling the entry of protons into the virion during the purification of the virus from its envelope.[15,16] The M2e protein is located in the virus particles in small quantities and secreted on the surface of the viral infected cells in large concentrations.[16,17] Therefore, it has been used in therapeutic drug design,[18] development of vaccine formulations,[19] and as a potential marker to diagnose influenza A in various studies.[18,20–23]
Developing epidemic forecasting models to assist disease surveillance for influenza with electronic health records
Published in International Journal of Computers and Applications, 2020
Influenza is an acute respiratory viral infection with seasonal characteristics, sometimes leading to severe complications or death. The annual global influenza attack rate is approximately 5%–10% in adults and 20%–30% in children [1]. Unlike common cold, influenza can cause serious illnesses and can be life threatening. Disease surveillance provides information regarding epidemics that allows the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (TCDC) and hospitals to deploy preventive measures and optimize resources in public health. Monitoring, early detection, and prediction of influenza outbreaks can accelerate life-saving public health responses.