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Telescopes for Inner Space: Fiber Optics and Endoscopes
Published in Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman
The most striking advantages of laparoscopic surgery and other endoscopic procedures are apparent in many studies that have shown reduced hospital stays and faster recovery times for these procedures relative to open surgery. This is in part because the incisions required for the endoscope's insertion are much smaller than would be required for open surgery. In addition, patients can sometimes rely on only local or topical anesthesia for short examinations, thus reducing the risk associated with general anesthesia. The reduction in invasiveness, bleeding (and subsequent need for blood transfusions), risk of infection, and overall stress can turn some types of surgery that once required a hospital stay into outpatient procedures performed in a physician's office. Not all uses of endoscopes necessarily involve surgery. Examinations of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., for colon cancer screening) or of the other abdominal organs can be made without the risks involved in open surgery.
Human–Robot Interfaces in Autonomous Surgical Robots
Published in Paolo Barattini, Vicentini Federico, Gurvinder Singh Virk, Tamás Haidegger, Human–Robot Interaction, 2019
Paolo Fiorini, Riccardo Muradore
The modeling and planning phases of an autonomous surgical action are more complex than for human intervention since the task must be described in algorithmic form to the robot. In this chapter, we describe the puncturing action carried out in the context of a cryoablation procedure, that is, the killing of cancer cells by repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. Thus, the guidance commands of the puncturing needles must be carried out according to this procedure’s requirements. Cryoablation must preserve the healthy tissues around the tumor and the surrounding anatomical structures (liver, bowel, spleen, ureters) according to [DMC07]. This technique is a valuable alternative to open surgery or laparoscopy, ensuring safety with low morbidity and high efficacy on oncological results, as reported in [CA09]. The main requirement for the correct execution of this procedure is the accuracy in the needle displacement: during the planning phase, the optimal target points for the cryoprobes must take into account both dimension/location of the lesion and the temperature distribution of the generated ice ball (irreversible tissue destruction occurs from −20°C to −40°C). To make the procedure understandable to the human user, i.e., surgeon or interventional radiologist, planning software was developed to compute the position of the needles so that the ice balls formed at the end of the needles could completely cover the volume of the tumor.
Toward Clinically Viable Ultrasound-Augmented Laparoscopic Visualization
Published in Terry M. Peters, Cristian A. Linte, Ziv Yaniv, Jacqueline Williams, Mixed and Augmented Reality in Medicine, 2018
Laparoscopic surgery is a preferred alternative to conventional open surgery in many instances, as it is minimally invasive and has many other associated clinical benefits. However, conducting a laparoscopic procedure based solely on intraoperative visualization and without tactile feedback can be challenging. Laparoscopic augmented reality (lap-AR), a method to overlay virtual models or tomographic images on laparoscopic video, has emerged as a promising technology to enhance intraoperative visualization and to compensate for the lack of tactile feedback. In particular, fusing intraoperative data with live laparoscopic video has the advantage of providing real-time updates of an organ’s internal anatomy and, thus, enables AR depiction of moving and deformable organs such as those located in the abdomen. Among common intraoperative imaging modalities, laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) is more amenable to routine use because it is radiation-free, low-cost, and easy to set up and operate in the operating room (OR).
Effects of Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Display Use for Simulated Laparoscopic Surgery
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
Yaoyu Fu, Steven D. Schwaitzberg, Lora Cavuoto
Laparoscopic surgery is a commonly used minimally invasive surgery (MIS) technique, common for procedures such as cholecystectomy (gall bladder removal) surgery and gynecologic surgery. It brings many benefits to the patients, including less pain and quicker recovery compared to open surgery. However, laparoscopic surgery has also created new issues for surgeons compared to open surgery. In laparoscopic surgery, the image of the abdominal organs is acquired by a laparoscope and sent to a video monitor. Surgeons operate while looking at the surgical field image on the monitor. The difficulties that surgeons usually encounter in laparoscopic surgery are physical fatigue from the awkward postures caused by the positioning of the monitors and the long duration usage of the monitors.
Simulation of non-Newtonian flow of blood in a modified laparoscopic forceps used in minimally invasive surgery
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Md. Abdul Raheem Junaidi, Harsha Sista, Ram Chandra Murthy Kalluri, Y. V. Daseswara Rao, Alla Gopala Krishna Gokhale
There has been a significant development in the field of surgery over the last few years to facilitate and improve surgeons' performance and patients' safety. Earlier, surgeons used to perform laparotomy procedures by cutting the abdominal cavity wide open, to view the internal organs directly. This often requires a big incision of about 100 mm in length (Buia et al. 2015). Laparoscopic procedure, on the other hand, is a minimally invasive surgery (MIS) used by surgeons to operate upon the abdominal cavity by viewing the internal organs through a monitor. Depending on the type of surgery, up to four small incisions of less than 10 mm are made in the abdomen through which instruments like a laparoscope, dissector forceps, and suction–irrigation (S–I) device are inserted. A laparoscope is a 330 mm long device with a high-resolution camera used for viewing organs in the abdominal cavity. The dissector forceps is used for grasping and dissecting the infected tissue. The S–I process is used to clean and disinfect the abdominal cavity to enable safe and efficient surgical intervention. This is done by sucking out blood and other body fluids and irrigating with a disinfectant such as saline water. S–I instruments must be sterilized properly to avoid the clotting of blood and trapping of tissue inside it. Some advantages of the laparoscopic procedures include minimal scarring, less trauma, less post-operative pain, less chances of infection to patients and surgeons, reduced duration of stay in the hospital, and faster recovery time (Chambers et al. 2011; Li 2011; Santos et al. 2011; Zhu et al. 2017).
Design and fluid flow simulation of modified laparoscopic forceps
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Md. Abdul Raheem Junaidi, Ram Chandra Murthy Kalluri, Y. V. Daseswara Rao, Alla Gopala Krishna Gokhale, Aakrit Patel
To overcome all these deficiencies faced by surgeons and patients, a new surgical technique was introduced in the late 19th century, namely laparoscopy, which was a game-changer in the entire surgical domain. Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgery that requires multiple small incisions of the order 5–10 mm, instead of broader cuts of sizes 150–200 mm in case of open surgeries. In order to have a clear view of internal organs, the abdomen of the patient is inflated by pumping an inert gas, like carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 has a high diffusion coefficient, non-flammable, and colorless. Hence, it is typically used for insufflation (capnoperitoneum) in minimally invasive surgeries like arthroscopy, endoscopy, and laparoscopy. It can also be rapidly cleared from the body as it is a natural metabolic end product and can reduce the risk of complications after venous embolism. Laparoscopy is used in the case of major surgeries such as removal of stones from kidney and gall bladder, removal of the gall bladder, cutting appendices, cancerous tissue resection, and many more (Tung et al. 2015).