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Polymers for Artificial Joints
Published in Severian Dumitriu, Valentin Popa, Polymeric Biomaterials, 2020
Masayuki Kyomoto, Toru Moro, Kazuhiko Ishihara
The most common type of arthritis leading to total hip replacement is degenerative arthritis (e.g., osteoarthritis) of the hip joint. This type of arthritis is generally seen with aging, trauma, or congenital abnormality (dysplasia) of the hip joint. Other conditions leading to total hip replacement include bone fractures, rheumatoid arthritis, and bone death (aseptic necrosis) of the femoral head. Bone necrosis can be caused by fracture of the hip, alcohol and drugs (such as prednisone and prednisolone), diseases (such as systemic lupus erythematosus), and conditions (such as kidney transplantation).
Hemodialysis Membranes for Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects
Published in Sundergopal Sridhar, Membrane Technology, 2018
N.L. Gayatri, N. Shiva Prasad, Sundergopal Sridhar
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a worldwide crisis and its treatment costs as high or more than any other disease for an individual as per the government medical policy in a given country. CKD, at an early stage, is not easily detectable as there are no visible symptoms of the illness in patients. Due to this, diagnosis of CKD by location, disease stage, age and gender are not recorded properly. Renal therapy and kidney transplantation are used in CKD treatment. Since treatment is expensive, most patients in developing countries cannot afford it and subsequently succumb (World Kidney Day, 2017). More than 2 million individuals overall at present get treatment with dialysis or a kidney transplant to stay alive, yet this number may just speak to 10% of individuals who really require treatment to live (Couser et al., 2011). CKD treatment is received by older individuals, mostly in developed countries. In developing countries like India and China, the estimated kidney failure is high and disproportionate. The cost of CKD treatment is a huge economic burden to any country’s health care budget.
Foams in Tissue Engineering
Published in S. T. Lee, Polymeric Foams, 2022
Chenglong Yu, Zhutong Li, Leah K. Gause, Huaguang Yang, Lih-Sheng Turng
Although “tissue engineering” is a modernized word that appeared only in recent decades, it has arguably existed for thousands of years. There are many historic medical discoveries that would be considered tissue engineering today. As early as 2500 BC, Sushruta, the father of Indian Medicine or Plastic Surgery, applied skin grafts to treat the mutilations of the ear, nose, and lip [1]. Around 1500 BC, Egyptians treated skin wounds using lint, grease, and honey [18]. From a mummified body discovered in Egypt, a “delicately manufactured” wooden toe was found to replace the lost one [14,19]. Wrought iron implants were developed as far back as the Gallo-Roman period. For example, a wrought iron dental implant of a right second upper premolar from a Gallo-Roman necropolis at Chantambre (Essonne, France) was reported [20]. Metallic sutures have also been applied since the second century AD in Greece [19]. In the early part of the twentieth century, the dialysis system was invented and improved, encouraging the development of organ transplantation and resulting in a successful kidney transplantation in 1954 [21]. In 1967, Starzl performed the first effective liver transplant even as researchers still sought alternative approaches to hepatic function replacement due to the insufficient supply of transplantable organs [22]. In 1980, Yannas et al. designed and fabricated an artificial skin using collagen and mucopolysaccharides [7]. In 1991, Cima et al. cultured chondrocytes on poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) scaffolds for cartilage tissue construction, promoting the development of cartilage tissue engineering, as well as bone, ligament, and tendon engineering [23].
Kidney-related operations research: A review
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2019
Mahdi Fathi, Marzieh Khakifirooz
Kidney transplantation depends on a national kidney allocation policy as a national plan that manages the list of all people across the country waiting (approximately 3-5 years) for a kidney transplant. This program ensures that deceased donors’ kidneys are distributed fairly using a transparent system, depending on how well you match with the available kidney and how many donors are available in your local area. The decision of how to distribute a donor's kidneys depends on a combination of blood type and antibody matching, time with kidney failure, and a few other factors (such as heart disease, not being strong enough to endure an operation, infection, obesity, smoking or substance abuse) that give people priority on the list (including being a child or being a past live kidney donor). The main purpose of this program is to reduce regional variability in access to transplantation and improve the outcomes for individual kidneys that are transplanted.