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Image Processing Implementation for Medical Images to Detect and Classify Various Diseases on the Basis of MRI and Ultrasound Images
Published in Rashmi Gupta, Arun Kumar Rana, Sachin Dhawan, Korhan Cengiz, Advanced Sensing in Image Processing and IoT, 2022
A kidney stone is a solid piece of material. The urine minerals are responsible for the formation of kidney stones. This may be genetic or may be due to substance concentration [9]. Kidney stone formation, called renal calculus, is production of crystals in the urine. The formation of kidney stones is natural in human beings. In general, kidney stone formation is detected by severe abdominal pain followed by fever. For effective treatment, early kidney stone detection is very important. The existence of kidney stone affects the kidney function. Ultrasound and CT techniques are preferred to detect the presence of kidney stone [10]. Figure 15.1 shows an ultrasound image of a kidney with stone. Ultrasound is simple and a cheaper imaging technique in comparison with CT. Kidney stones may be classified on the basis of their chemical composition or location. Figure 15.1 shows a normal kidney and an abnormal kidney with stone, but both images are low quality.
Applications of X-Ray Diffraction Imaging in Medicine
Published in Joel Greenberg, Krzysztof Iniewski, X-Ray Diffraction Imaging, 2018
Kidney stones can potentially be treated using a variety of options: surgery, other invasive techniques, or non-invasively using extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) (Chaussy et al. 1984, Perez Castro et al. 2014). Whenever it is available, non-invasive treatment is the preferred approach due to the reduced recovery time for the patient that accompanies the procedure. However, kidney stones that have certain mineral compositions (urate, calcium oxalate monohydrate or whewellite, and cystine) are unresponsive to treatment using ESWL (Newman et al. 1987). Therefore, the identification of urinary stone composition in a patient can inform the efficient planning of the subsequent course of treatment. In addition to better informing the choice of treatment, knowledge of the type of kidney stone can help clinicians with planning follow up schedules and strategies for prevention of kidney stone recurrence (Batchelar et al. 2002).
Urinary system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) was first identified as a health problem in the early twentieth century and typically occurs between 30 and 60 years of age [39]. The incidence across the globe has been increasing in recent years. Kidney stones are not life-threatening in the majority of cases, but can cause severe pain and increased morbidity for the patient, which can lead to hospitalisation and time off work [40–42].
Evaluation of validity and reliability of novel rapid measurement for infundibulopelvic angle: a comparison with PACS system
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Gaojie Zhang, Qiao Xu, Yongbo Zheng, Yu Jiang, Yueqiang Peng, Linfeng Wang, Siwei Ding, Jiayu Liu
Since angles can be measured more clearly in a two-dimensional plane, IVP was used as materials for IPA measurement in this study. The non-contrast CT scan is the most commonly used imaging examination for patients with kidney stones. Due to the absence of contrast agent for enhanced visualization, accurately identifying inferior pole calyceal and the course of ureter within renal pelvis on the coronal surface of CT scan poses challenge. As a result, determining the two axes required for IPA measurement becomes difficult, leading to a significant margin of error in measured IPA. Recently, the application of computed tomography urography (CTU) has also become increasingly widespread. Commonly used CTU 3D reconstruction model for kidney stone patients can also be used as a material for measuring IPA; however, the measurement method for reconstruction model of IPA is not standardized. If CTU reconstruction model could be clearly performed and uniform measurement method of reconstruction model can be made, it would be possible to assess lower calyceal anatomy at the same time as each patient is admitted to the hospital to only perform CT examination to assess LPC and provide a reference for selecting the surgical plan more rapidly.
Effect of crystallization parameters and presence of aqueous extract of Nigella Sativa on growth inhibition of calcium oxalate monohydrate particles
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2018
E. A. Abdel-Aal, A. M. K. Yassin, M. F. El-Shahat
Kidney stone formation is a complex process resulting from a succession of several physicochemical stages, including supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention within the kidney Coe, Evan, and Worcester (2005), Worcester and Coe (2008). Kidney stones involve but are not limited to calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, calcium urate, calcium carbonate, hydroxyapatite, and struvite. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) is the most common form found in the inorganic matrix of a kidney stone, because it is thermodynamically stable. It represents about 70–80% of all types of human urinary stones. Calcium oxalate dihydrate is also found as the metastable state of a stone and calcium oxalate trihydrate is rarely found (Daosukho (2007), Abdel-Aal, Daosukho, and El-Shall (2009)).
A two-dimensional numerical study of peristaltic contractions in obstructed ureter flows
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2018
Z. Najafi, B. F. Schwartz, A. J. Chandy, A. M. Mahajan
The urinary system is primarily responsible for the elimination of waste products from the body and maintaining a balance of fluid or salt. In the urinary system, the kidneys remove the urea from blood and excrete it through the urethra. The flow of urine from the kidneys to the ureter is accomplished by peristaltic (pumping) contractions (Constantinou 1974). Peristaltic motion is a fundamental feature to many other physiological flows such as those in the esophagus and reproductive organs (Fung and Yih 1968; Misra and Pandey 2001; Fauci and Dillon 2006). It is defined as the fluid flow resulting from waves of contraction and expansion. The peristalsis of urine through the ureter can sometimes be accompanied by entities such as kidney stones or calculi. Kidney stones are accumulated mineral deposits that form in the kidney and drop into the ureter (Pak et al. 2003). In the kidney stone disease or urolithiasis, particles often get stuck and block the flow of urine, thereby causing severe pain.