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Intracellular Redox Status and Disease Development: An Overview of the Dynamics of Metabolic Orchestra
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Sharmi Mukherjee, Anindita Chakraborty
4-HNE, a significant biomarker of lipid peroxidation regulates various stress-sensitive transcription factors like nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), Nrf2, activating protein-1 (AP-1), and receptor activity (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PPAR), promoting cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, autophagy, or senescence, apoptosis, and necrosis (Braithwaite et al., 2010; Camandola et al., 2000; Huang e al., 2012; Lee, 2017; Wang et al., 2012). Reactive carbonyl compound MDA, a crucial marker of oxidative stress in the clinical scenario can lead to lifestyle and dietary factor related cancers by forming DNA adducts and protein cross-links. Their reaction with nucleosides like cytidine and deoxyguanosine result in the formation of heterocyclic pyrimido-purinone called pyrimido [1, 2-a]purin-10(3H-)one (M1G) (Ayala et al., 2014; Marnett, 1999). Peroxidation of arachidonic acid generates prostaglandin like isoprostanes, whose increasing level in biological fluids has clinical implications. The products such as 4-HNE and MDA are involved in the aetiology of various metabolic disorders, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, respiratory diseases, and even cancer (Hauck and Bernlohr, 2016; Shichiri, 2014).
Immunoassays and Biosensors
Published in José L. Tadeo, Analysis of Pesticides in Food and Environmental Samples, 2019
Jeanette M. Van Emon, Tanner Drum, Kilian Dill
Oxidative stress and DNA damage have been proposed as mechanisms linking pesticide exposure to a variety of health effects including cancer. Exposure studies are finding that levels of oxidative stress markers correlate with levels of urinary pesticide metabolites, especially from the OP class. Isoprostane is a biomarker strongly indicative of oxidative stress in the human body. Levels of this biomarker in wastewater may provide a method to quantify the amount of oxidative stress experienced by a population serviced by the treatment facility. Samples were collected from a wastewater treatment facility. Both free and total isoprostane was measured using two immunoassays with different methods of preparation. An immunoassay method from Cayman Chemical was chosen due to its low detection level of 3 pg/mL and range of 0.8–500 pg/mL (Figure 4.4). The kit is very sensitive and requires an SPE cleanup. An Oxford Biomedical Research immunoassay kit was used despite higher detection levels, approximately 0.1–5 ng/mL, as it required no cleanup of the sample aside from dilution. This community urinalysis study is ongoing and seeks to develop a method to quantify the presence of isoprostane in wastewater to work toward a means to measure the overall health of a community serviced by a particular wastewater reclamation facility.
Nanotoxicity
Published in Yubing Xie, The Nanobiotechnology Handbook, 2012
Epidemiologic evidence shows that the presence of ultrafine particulate air pollution is associated with cardiovascular diseases and myocardial infarction. It could likely be explained by translocation of nanoparticles (or ultrafine particles) from the respiratory epithelium toward circulation and subsequent toxicity to vascular endothelium; alteration of blood coagulation; and triggering of autonomic nervous system reflexes eventually altering the cardiac frequency and function. Further experimental results indicate that the adverse cardiovascular events mainly come from inflammation, which is caused by nanoparticles accumulation. Recent direct evidence comes from an isolated beating heart model system. This model enables observation and analysis of electrophysiological parameters over a minimal time period of 4 h without influence by systemic effects and allows the determination of the stimulated release of substances under the influence of nanoparticles. It has been found that a significant dose and material dependence causes an increase in heart rate accompanied by arrhythmia, elevation of ST segment, and atrioventricular block evoked by engineered nanoparticles made of flame soot (Printex 90), spark discharge generated soot, anatas TiO2, and SiO2. However, flame derived SiO2 (aerosil) and monodispersed polystyrene lattices exhibited no effects. The increase in heart rate could be assigned to a catecholamine release from adrenergic nerve endings within the heart (Stampfl et al. 2011). Atherosclerosis and its attendant morbidity and mortality remain a big threat to global health. The importance of oxidant stress in atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease is demonstrated by the observation that increased markers of oxidant stress have been shown to predict coronary heart disease. F2-isoprostanes are lipid peroxidation products of arachidonic acid in the cell membrane and are reliable biomarkers for oxidative stress and cell membrane damage. The levels of F2-isoprostane isomers in the cells increased after the treatment with nanoparticles of SiO2 (15 nm), Fe2O3 (30 nm), Al2O3 (13 nm), TiO2 (40 nm), and ZnO (70 nm) (Liu et al. 2010). It has been verified that the F2-isoprostane level in urinary and plasma correlates with the disease incidence of the coronary artery (Davies and Roberts 2011).
Effect of body composition on redox homeostasis at rest and in response to exercise: The case of underfat women
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019
Nikos V. Margaritelis, Anastasios A. Theodorou, Antonios Kyparos, Michalis G. Nikolaidis, Vassilis Paschalis
A competitive immunoassay was used for the determination of F2-isoprostanes in urine (Cayman Chemical, Charlotte, USA) as previously described (Theodorou, Paschalis, Kyparos, Panayiotou, & Nikolaidis, 2014). Urine samples were purified using solid phase extraction cartridges. The purification and the subsequent ELISA assay were performed following the manufacturer’s recommendations. Plasma protein carbonyls and erythrocyte glutathione were determined spectrophotometrically, as previously described (Veskoukis, Kyparos, Paschalis, & Nikolaidis, 2016).
A pilot study of total personal exposure to volatile organic compounds among Hispanic female domestic cleaners
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2022
Kelly Oyer-Peterson, David Gimeno Ruiz de Porras, Inkyu Han, George L. Delclos, Edward G. Brooks, Masoud Afshar, Kristina W. Whitworth
Compared with reference levels in Kushner et al. (2006), nearly 39% of the participants in this study demonstrated mildly or substantially elevated CRP levels. Although CRP is a nonspecific indicator of systemic inflammation, both short-term exposures to ambient air pollution (Li et al. 2017) and specific disease processes such as asthma (Deraz et al. 2012) have each been associated with increased CRP levels; CRP levels have also been used as markers of cardiovascular disease (Cozlea et al. 2013). Regarding 8-ISP, 11 out of 14 of the participants in this study had EBC 8-ISP concentrations that exceeded the reference range (9.26 pg/mL, range 2.46–10.71) among healthy adults described in Shoman et al. (2020) systematic review and meta-analysis. 8-Isoprostane is a prostaglandin-like compound produced by free-radical proxidation of arachidonic acid and is a reliable biomarker of lipid peroxidation via reactive oxygen species (Awad et al. 1996). When measured in EBC, 8-ISP reflects oxidative stress specific to the airways (Kharitonov and Barnes 2001). Finally, EBC pH informs airway inflammation and lung disease, particularly related to asthma, but also reflects insults related to other respiratory disease and exposures (Aldakheel et al. 2016; Davis and Montpetit 2018). Only one woman in this pilot study had an acidotic EBC pH of 7.1, which is below the median EBC pH (8.0, interquartile range 7.8–8.1) reported from a study of healthy participants to establish normative reference values (Paget-Brown et al. 2006). Although these findings are suggestive of potential inflammation-related effects and cell and tissue damage related to oxidative stress, the results must be interpreted with caution given the small sample size in this study, the lack of a proper comparison group, and the lack of clinical history details on the participants (Pizzino et al. 2017). Therefore, these results remain suggestive and will need to be confirmed in larger studies.