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Macrocyclic Receptors for Biomolecules and Biochemical Sensing
Published in Satish Kumar, Priya Ranjan Sahoo, Violet Rajeshwari Macwan, Jaspreet Kaur, Mukesh, Rachana Sahney, Macrocyclic Receptors for Environmental and Biosensing Applications, 2022
Satish Kumar, Priya Ranjan Sahoo, Violet Rajeshwari Macwan, Jaspreet Kaur, Mukesh, Rachana Sahney
Polar lipids such as glycerophospholipids and sterols consisting of polar heads and nonpolar hydrocarbon chain are major components of the cell membrane. Biophysical properties of plasma membrane such as surface curvature and internal fluidity can be modulated by their lipid compositions. The presence of sterols, such as cholesterol or ergosterol, greatly affects the membrane packing and structural integrity (Dufourc 2008). Interaction of lipid molecules with membrane proteins regulates G-protein and GPCRs activity. Sterols are crucial membrane components in the formation of local liquid-ordered membrane phases called ‘lipid rafts’, which also contain transmembrane proteins and are involved in biological signaling and trafficking processes (Simons and Sampaio 2011). Essential Fatty Acids (EFA) are indispensable for one’s health as they serve as dietary precursors for the formation of prostanoids and other eicosanoids important for health and modulation of disease conditions. Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) like Omega-3 (w-3) fatty acids is an essential requirement for one’s health which cannot be synthesized by the human physiological system and must therefore be obtained through a nutritional diet (Uauy 1999). The endoplasmic reticulum is the bulk supplier of lipids to other organelles in the eukaryotic cell. The transport and metabolism of lipid is governed by various protein receptors that selectively associate with lipids and transfer them to specific locations with the help of supra-molecular transporting assemblies (Holthuis and Menon 2014).
Innovation and Challenges in the Development of Functional and Medicinal Beverages
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi, Natural Products Pharmacology and Phytochemicals for Health Care, 2021
Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Zanariah Hashim, Yanti Maslina Mohd Jusoh, Eraricar Salleh
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are crucial to the body to function effectively and these are introduced externally through the diet. PUFAs can be divided into two classes of essential fatty acids which are omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids. PUFAs can be found in fishes such as mackerel and salmon, flaxseed, soybeans, canola, vegetable oils such as sunflower and corn oil, meat, poultry, and eggs [43]. PUFAs especially omega-3 fatty acids provide benefits in many areas of health including premature infant health, bipolar and depressive disorder, and inflammatory diseases such as asthma [69]. PUFAs are also being associated with cardiovascular protection and able to reduce morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties [111].
Zooplankton
Published in E. B. Welch, J. M. Jacoby, T. Lindell, Pollutant Effects in Freshwater, 2004
E. B. Welch, J. M. Jacoby, T. Lindell
Initially blue-greens were thought to be poor food resources because they often form large colonies making them difficult for many zooplankton to ingest and/or because some blue-greens produce toxic metabolites that inhibit zooplankton feeding (Lampert, 1981, 1987). While ingestibility and toxicity place clear constraints on the zooplankton's ability to consume bluegreens, more recently, it has also been noted that even small non-toxic bluegreen species are very poor in food quality for herbivorous zooplankton Ahlgren etal. (1990) attributed much of the observed differences in the food quality of common phytoplankton taxa to differences in their essential or omega-3 fatty acid content. High-food-quality phytoplankton groups like diatoms and cryptophytes tend to have very high concentrations of the essential fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Blue-greens usually have very little or none of this and related essential fatty acids. Common green algae usually have very little EPA, but they often have high concentrations of related essential fatty acids such as α-linolenic and stearidonic acids, which many herbivorous zooplankton can convert to EPA. Essential fatty acids are important for all animals (including humans) because they help regulate cell membrane fluidity, lipid metabolism, gene expression and immune system functionality, and they serve as precursors for many reproductive and growth hormones (Sargent etal., 1995). Field studies have shown that EPA content of natural seston assemblages is strongly correlated with the growth rates of Daphmia feeding on this seston (Müller-Navarra, 1995 ; Müller-Navarra et al., 2000). Very recently, it has been shown that most of the food quality differences observed between mixtures of very highfood-quality cryptophytes and mixtures of low-quality blue-greens can be directly attributed to differences in their essential fatty acid content (Ravet et al., 2003). Laboratory studies looking at algal monocultures have also shown that Daphnia growth rates are correlated with the elemental phosphorus content of their diets. Daphnia are phosphorus-rich and have a nearly homoeostatic elemental composition, with a molar C:P ratio of ≈93:1 (Brett et al., 2000) Because seston, and especially laboratory algal monocultures, can vary greatly in their elemental C:P ratio, it is possible to have great imbalances between the phosphorus content of Daphnia and their diets (Sterner and Hessen, 1994) Many studies have shown that green algae monocultures with very high C:P ratios (≥1000) are of quite poor food quality for Daphnia.
Health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic exposure through fish consumption in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2021
Claudia Tanamal, Jules M. Blais, Emmanuel Yumvihoze, Hing Man Chan
Fish is a good source of protein and essential fatty acids, and its consumption has been linked to a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases, myocardial infarction, inflammatory-related diseases, and other health benefits (Daviglus et al. 2002). The Yellowknives Dene First Nation is the Indigenous peoples living in Yellowknife. Based on data from the NWT Labour Force Surveys conducted in 1998, 2003, 2008, and 2013, about 40% of people residing in the Northwest Territories hunt or fish their own food resources (GNWT 2015). Yellowknives Dene First Nation members have been exposed to legacy mining contaminants because of their dependence on land and water as their primary food resources (AFN 2009). On average, 43% of Indigenous residents in the Northwest Territories hunt or fish for subsistence and recreational purposes, compared to only 33% in non-Indigenous communities (GNWT 2015). Therefore, fish consumption could be a significant source of arsenic to Yellowknife residents. Among fish consumers, fish consumption rate has been shown to correlate with arsenic concentrations in various biomarkers of exposure, including blood, cord blood, breast milk (Miklavčič et al. 2013), and urine (Navas-Acien et al. 2011).
Spray-dried almond milk powder containing microencapsulated flaxseed oil
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Federico Bueno, Alexander Chouljenko, Vondel Reyes, Subramaniam Sathivel
Flaxseed oil (FO), an emerging oil source, is a vital nutraceutical/functional food that contains high amounts of α-linolenic acid (ALA) (ω-3) (C18:3). High levels of this essential fatty acid can benefit babies and adults, such as reducing cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and neurological disorders. The consumption of ALA is essential since the body cannot produce it. ALA is a precursor of other omega 3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6). The consumption of essential oils and omega 3 fatty acids is fundamental for the growth and development of young children and may help reduce LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular disorders in adults.[2]