China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Nanotechnology and Nature’s Miracle Compound: Curcumin
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Minna Hakkarainen, Kamalinder K. Singh, NanoNutraceuticals, 2019
Candace Minhthu Day, Ankit Parikh, Yunmei Song, Sanjay Garg
Listed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. FDA, it has now been marketed as a supplement all across the world (Basnet and Skalko-Basnet, 2011). The safety of CUR was also confirmed by the National Toxicology Program (NTP), performed in rat and mouse studies for the duration of up to 2 years, with dose-escalating studies from 50 to 2600 mg/kg (Aggarwal and Harikumar, 2009; Velusami et al., 2013). A daily oral dose of 12 g was considered as safe and well-tolerated, as noticed from phase I and II clinical trials (Rahimi, 2015). Its safety has also been assessed in patients with oral leucoplakia, advanced pancreatic cancer, intestinal metaplasia (IM) of the gastric mucosa, multiple myeloma, Bowen disease of the skin relating to arsenic, rheumatoid arthritis, peptic ulcers, psoriasis, Dejerine-Sottas disease, uterine-cervical dysplasia, Alzheimer’s disease, type 2 diabetic nephropathy, bladder cancer, and lupus nephritis (Gupta et al., 2013).
Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography: Technologies and Applications
Published in Margarida M. Barroso, Xavier Intes, In Vivo, 2020
Dawei Li, Hyeon-Cheol Park, Wu Yuan, Xinwen Yao, Xingde Li
Rodent models are widely used for modeling diseases such as cancer, inflammation, and hepatic steatosis resistance (Yu et al., 2016). Endoscopic OCT can distinguish not only layer information of inner lumens, but also structures such as crypt and colonic mucosa (see Figure 4.5C and D) Vakoc et al., 2007). Such ability facilitates it as a tool to monitor colon diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal metaplasia (Pan et al., 2003) and bladder diseases such as bladder cancer (Wang et al., 2005; Adams et al., 2016).
Artificial Olfactory Systems Can Detect Unique Odorant Signature Of Cancerous Volatile Compounds
Published in Raquel Cumeras, Xavier Correig, Volatile organic compound analysis in biomedical diagnosis applications, 2018
Besides the respiratory system and the airways, breath composition is likely to contain compounds that come from the digestive system. The possibility of diagnosing gastric cancer with an electronic nose system was studied only recently. Employing the NA-NOSE, Xu et al. (2013) distinguished gastric cancer from other benign gastric conditions with 89% sensitivity and 90% specificity, and early-stage gastric cancer versus late-stage gastric cancer with 89% sensitivity and 94% accuracy (models developed with discriminant function analysis and tested through leave-one-out cross-validation) (Xu et al., 2013). This study was performed on a cohort of 130 patients with gastric complaints (37 with gastric cancer, 32 with ulcer and 61 with less severe conditions). In a posterior larger scale study including 484 patients with gastric cancer and gastric intestinal metaplasia published by Amal et al. (2015), the same research group attempted the detection of precancerous gastric lesions and gastric cancer through exhaled breath analysis with the NA-NOSE (Amal et al., 2016). The samples were randomly divided into a training set (70% of samples) and validation set (30% of samples), and discriminative models were build using discriminant function analysis. The classification accuracy between gastric cancer and gastric intestinal metaplasia was 92% (73% sensitivity, 98% specificity). The further analysis aimed the assessment of gastric intestinal metaplasia, classified accordingly to the operative link on gastric intestinal metaplasia (OLGIM) staging system, which was used to stratify the presence/absence of risk level of precancerous lesions, where patients with OLGIM stages III–IV were considered to be at high risk. The accuracy of discrimination between gastric cancer and OLGIM 0–II was 87% (97% sensitivity, 84% specificity), and between gastric cancer and OLGIM III–IV was 90% (93% sensitivity, 80% specificity), which suggested that breath analysis with NA-NOSE could provide the missing non-invasive screening tool for gastric cancer and related precancerous lesions.
A review of medical image detection for cancers in digestive system based on artificial intelligence
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Jiangchang Xu, Mengjie Jing, Shiming Wang, Cuiping Yang, Xiaojun Chen
Detection and classification of esophageal cancer are significant for the future diagnose. For the poor prediction of esophageal cancer, Horie et al. [47] constructed a detection system based on CNN, which had a sensitivity of 98% and higher detection speed. Meantime, it had an accuracy of 98% for distinguish superficial esophageal cancer from advanced cancer. The detection result is as show in Figure 1.Van Riel et al. [48] achieved a method using transfer learning and CNN to detect early esophageal cancer. CNN provided the features for SVM and random forest classifiers to get the result. This method got an AUC (area under the curve) of 0.92. However, a further research is needed for better speed and real-time performance. Hong et al. [49] proposed a CNN architecture to classify intestinal metaplasia, gastric metaplasia and neoplasia, and the accuracy of classification was 80.77%.
Helicobacter pylori, stomach cancer and its prevention in New Zealand
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Virginia Signal, Jason Gurney, Stephen Inns, Melissa McLeod, Dianne Sika-Paotonu, Sam Sowerbutts, Andrea Teng, Diana Sarfati
H. pylori is classed as a group one carcinogen by IARC, with the lifetime risk of stomach cancer amongst those infected with H. pylori estimated at 1%–3% (International Agency for Research on Cancer 1994). Infection of the gastric mucosa with H. pylori most commonly occurs in childhood, and can result in chronic long-lasting inflammation or gastritis. Chronic inflammation can promote gastric carcinogenesis, typically via the Correa cascade of atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia (Figure 2) (Correa 1996; Moss 2017). H. pylori expresses an array of proteins that interact with receptors in stomach epithelial cells, and signal cellular pathways that change the expression of genes involved in inflammation, cellular proliferation, invasion and metastasis (International Agency for Research on Cancer and World Health Organization 2014). Decades of H. pylori-related inflammation can lead to gene methylation (epigenetic changes), and chronic exposure to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that cause DNA damage and gene mutations leading to the development of cancer (International Agency for Research on Cancer and World Health Organization 2014). H. pylori virulence factors such as cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) also play a role in carcinogenesis by modulating cellular signalling pathways (International Agency for Research on Cancer and World Health Organization 2014). For example, it is known that CagA positive H. pylori increases the risk of stomach cancer more than the Cag-A negative H. pylori strain (Huang et al. 2003). Additionally, different CagA subtypes carry differing risks of cancer. The Eastern strains prevalent in Asia, and in Māori (Fraser 2004) are more pathogenic than Western strains (Yuan et al. 2017). Ethnic differences in the virulence strains of H. pylori may contribute to the Māori/non-Māori stomach cancer incidence gap, although the current pattern of virulence factors in New Zealand is unknown.