China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Lung Cancer Imaging with Fluorescence Endoscopy
Published in Mary-Ann Mycek, Brian W. Pogue, Handbook of Biomedical Fluorescence, 2003
Georges Wagnières, Annette McWilliams, Stephen Lam
There are some differences in study design that may influence the results. Inclusion of invasive carcinoma or CIS that have already been detected under white-light bronchoscopy leads to increased sensitivity of white-light bronchoscopy, and subsequent reduced relative sensitivity of the combination of white-light and autofluorescence bronchoscopy. Some studies only reported combined results of detection of intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive carcinoma, making comparison difficult. A few included metaplasia in their evaluation. Metaplasia is not generally considered to be premalignant. However, the majority of studies reported separate data for preinvasive cancer alone.
Animal models and mechanisms of tobacco smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2023
Priya Upadhyay, Ching-Wen Wu, Alexa Pham, Amir A. Zeki, Christopher M. Royer, Urmila P. Kodavanti, Minoru Takeuchi, Hasan Bayram, Kent E. Pinkerton
SHRs afford us the opportunity to investigate mechanisms underlying COPD pathogenesis and enable testing of novel drug therapies (Davis et al. 2013). Previously investigators s demonstrated that SHRs manifest neutrophilic airway inflammation and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein kinase-/activator protein-1 (MAPK/AP-1) activation which likely play a role in TS-induced pathogenesis (Zhong et al. 2005; Zhong, Zhou, and Pinkerton 2008). NF-κB and AP-1 regulate the expression of the inflammatory genes, IL-17, IL-8, and TNF-α, which are produced in COPD (Schuliga 2015). These TS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines upregulate airway epithelial hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia through NF-κB and MAPK/AP-1 signaling [Figure 1; (Zhong et al. 2005)]. In addition, TS inhibits NF-κB activity and downregulates NF-κB-dependent anti-apoptotic proteins (BCL-2 and c-IAPs), leading to activation of caspases 3, 8, and 9, to induce programmed cell death by apoptosis as illustrated in Figure 3 (Zhong, Zhou, and Pinkerton 2008)]. Similarly, TS produces pulmonary toxicity via MAPK signaling and AP-1 transactivation (Mossman, Lounsbury, and Reddy 2006). SHRs also demonstrate increased expression of TGFβ in epithelial and inflammatory cells, and leukocyte recruitment in response to TS seems to occur mainly through bronchial circulation (Davis et al. 2012; Hoang et al. 2016). Overall, these studies demonstrate that SHRs provide new and unique insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying TS-associated lung diseases that cannot be attained with other COPD models.
Value of colposcopy with dynamic spectral imaging in the detection and evolution of high-grade cervical lesions
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Pluvio J. Coronado Martín, Virginia González González, María Fasero Láiz
A cohort of 877 women was included in the analysis; 63 were excluded because the DSI map failed to calculate (CC was still performed on them), 2 revoked consent and in 23 there were missing data or errors. The baseline characteristics of the included women are shown in Table 1. In final histology, normal or metaplastic cervix was found in 351 women (40.0%), CIN1 in 250 (28.5%) and CIN2+ in 133 (15.2%). In 143 cases, no biopsy or LEEP procedure was performed because it was clinically irrelevant due to a normal Pap test and colposcopy. HPV16/18 was found in 119 patients (13.6%) and HR-HPV (non 16/18) in 179 (20.4%). In 11 cases (1.3%), the final histology in the LEEP was CIN2+ but previous punch biopsy had found immature metaplasia or CIN1. The mean number of punch biopsies performed per examination was 1.8 ± 0.8.
Endogenous doesn’t always mean innocuous: a scoping review of iron toxicity by inhalation
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Jody Morgan, Robin Bell, Alison L. Jones
Electric-arc furnaces, which are one method used to recycle Fe into steel, produce between 10 and 25 kg of dust per ton of steel (Bakkar 2014). This dust contains high quantities of Fe, but is contaminated with other metals including lead, chromium, cadmium, and zinc (Bakkar 2014). There was a significant increase in malignant tumors of larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs for electric-arc furnace workers with the highest rates attributed to those exposed for 1–5 years (Cappelletti et al. 2016). Squamous metaplasia (benign changes to cells) and cytological atypia (atypical cells which may develop into cancerous tissue) were both significantly higher in Fe industry workers than controls (Ahmed, Mahmoud, and Ginawi 2013). Morbidity analysis also demonstrated a significant rise in relative risk for diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, non-complicated hypertension, and complicated hypertension among electric-arc furnace workers (Cappelletti et al. 2016).