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Semiconductor Metal Oxide Sensors
Published in Banshi Dhar Gupta, Anand Mohan Shrivastav, Sruthi Prasood Usha, Optical Sensors for Biomedical Diagnostics and Environmental Monitoring, 2017
Banshi Dhar Gupta, Anand Mohan Shrivastav, Sruthi Prasood Usha
A body disorder of low blood dextrose from its normal range is called hypoglycemia. Insulinoma is a dangerous cause to hypoglycemia, which is usually made conclusive by Whipple's triad. It is a 72 h test with a prefixed meal including the monitoring of dextrose (d-glucose) of the patient. Every 6 h the patient's blood needs to be tested and is completed when the patient starts showing the symptoms of hypoglycemia with the body sugar level <2.2 mM. A biosensor using nanostructured SMO for insulinoma monitoring application by measuring the blood dextrose has been reported in the literature (Usha et al. 2016). The sensor probe designed on the optical fiber implementing the technique of SPR was fabricated using silver, zinc oxide nanorods, and glucose oxidase (GOx). Silver film of 40 nm thickness was coated over unclad core of the fiber to realize SPR. The zinc oxide nanorods (nanostructured SMO here) were grown hydrothermally from the seed layer of zinc oxide nanoparticles over silver film to play a dual function. Due to the high-refractive index layer over silver film, ZnO nanostructure enhances the sensor probe performance in terms of sensitivity. Further, it also acts as a matrix for the direct immobilization of the enzyme GOx. The direct immobilization of enzyme was performed using high adsorption by exploiting the difference in the isoelectric points of the zinc oxide (9.5) and glucose oxidase (4.2). The SEM image of the finalized sensor probe showing the glucose oxidase immobilized over ZnO nanorods is shown in Figure 5.11a.
Liver and biliary system, pancreas and spleen
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
MRI demonstrates the pancreas well but may not practicable or readily available in acutely ill patients with severe pancreatitis where CT remains the predominant modality. It is used in some institutions for staging of pancreatic carcinoma due to its improved soft tissue contrast compared with CT, and in problem-solving situations. It is particularly useful in the detection and assessment of endocrine tumours of the pancreas such as insulinoma, where it outperforms CT significantly. MRI pancreas with DWI is an evolving tool in imaging.
Bioactive nanoparticle embedded microcapsules for improving the efficacy of type I diabetes therapy
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Mingzhi Zhu, Hongwei Wu, Weiji Weng, Ranjith Kumar Kankala, Pei Wang, Xia Zhou, Ruimin Long, Shibin Wang, Haiwang Huang, Yanhua Xia, Yuangang Liu
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder rooted in the T-cell mediated attack of insulin-producing β-cells [1, 2], resulting in a decline of endogenous β-cell quantity and function with longer disease duration [3, 4]. Currently, insulin and its analogues remain the mainstay for type 1 diabetes. There is an ideal solution to replace the islet β-cells lost by diabetics with insulin secretion function cells [5], so that patients can get rid of dependence on exogenous insulin. This strategy offers numerous advantages, such as automatically regulating insulin secretion without blood glucose monitoring, not requiring long-term exogenous insulin injection and reducing pain and inconvenience. Compared to insulin injections, which make the patient prone to hypoglycaemia, cell therapy is not dangerous, while the origin of cells is the biggest problem in cell therapy due to a shortage of allograft donors and low transplantation efficiency [6–8]. The xenograft provides abundant insulin-secreting cells, but immunological rejection still exists [9–10]. In order to avoid the risks brought by the transplanted cells, microencapsulation technology, which can encapsulate solid, liquid or gas completely in a film to form spherical microcapsules, can be used to allow immune isolation of heterogeneous cells, avoid host immune rejection, and do not need immunosuppression. For example, Lim et al. transplanted microencapsulated allogeneic islet cells into streptozotocin(STZ) induced diabetic rats, which improved their blood glucose levels by 2–3 weeks [11]. A more ideal method is to use β-islet cell lines for cell therapy in vitro, since they can proliferate in vitro and obtain a sufficient number of β-cells [12–14]. β-TC-6 cells are mice insulinoma cells that have the ability to secrete insulin, and which have good glucose responsiveness and are relatively simple to culture. Therefore, there are many advantages in introducing cell therapy into the treatment of diabetes, but cell therapy is not a permanent solution. When cultured cells slowly start losing their energy in the body, the animal's own insulin production does not recover, which means the body needs repeated treatments. In order to solve this problem, we aimed to restore the patient's own insulin production and inhibit the immune attack in T1DM, while performing cell therapy [15–17].